Smoking trends in Mexico, 2002–2016: before and after the ratification of the WHO’s Framework Convention on Tobacco Control

Abstract

IntroductionMexico was the first Latin American country to ratify the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) in 2004, after which it implemented some key FCTC policies (e.g., taxes, smoke-free, pictorial warnings and ad bans). This study assessed trends in the prevalence of current, daily and non-daily smoking in Mexico before and after the implementation of key FCTC policies.MethodsData were analysed from two comparable, nationally representative surveys (i.e., the National Survey on Addictions 2002, 2011 and 2016, and the Global Adult Tobacco Survey 2009 and 2015). The pooled sample comprised 100 302 persons aged 15–65 years. Changes in the prevalence of current, daily and non-daily smoking were assessed.ResultsFrom 2002 to 2016, the prevalence of current smoking fell 11% in relative terms (from 21.5% to 19.0%). The decrease was registered between 2002 and 2009, and after that, a slight increase was observed (from 16.5% in 2009 to 19% in 2016). The prevalence of daily smoking decreased by about 50% between 2002 and 2016 (from 13.5% to 7.0%) with most of the decrease occurring by 2009. Conversely, the prevalence of non-daily smoking increased by 35% between 2009 and 2016 (from 8.8% to 11.9%).ConclusionsFull implementation of the FCTC is necessary to further reduce smoking. Specific interventions may be needed to target non-daily smokers, who now comprise more than half of current smokers in Mexico.

FCTC Ratification, Smoking Prevalence and GDP per Capita : Lesson Learn for Indonesia

“…This is consistent with the previous studies that found negative association between FCTC implementation and the countries smoking prevalence. [8][9][10][11] Moreover, this study also found the negative association between the years of FCTC rati cation and the changes in smoking prevalence. The negative relationships between FCTC variables and the smoking prevalence inferred the importance of FCTC rati cation in supporting a country's tobacco control effort.…”

Profile and patterns of dual use of e-cigarettes and combustible cigarettes among Mexican adults

“…This research area is of critical importance given evidence that widespread and growing flavor capsule use may account for the relatively weak impact of policies recommended by the World Health Organization's Framework Conven-tion on Tobacco Control in Mexico. 26 Therefore, results from this study suggest that a ban on flavored tobacco products can help to reduce cigarette and e-cigarette appeal among youth and young adults. 27 In our second analysis, among dual users, we found that being a daily smoker and using marijuana more than once in the last month were associated with more frequent e-cigarette use.…”

The Mexico SimSmoke tobacco control policy model: Development of a simulation model of daily and nondaily cigarette smoking

“…Nondaily smokers are an important contributor to the tobacco-associated disease burden [ 57 ]. Mexico’s overall tobacco prevalence has remained stable since 2009 (around 80%) with a reduction in prevalence from daily smokers (from 8.6% to 7.5% in 2016 [ 2 ]. However, Mexico’s smoking-attributable deaths have increased from 51.6 thousand in 2017 (7.5% of total deaths) to 58.2 thousand in 2019 (8.1% of total deaths) [ 58 ] due to the increase in nondaily prevalence.…”

“…Mexico's prevalence of overall smoking has declined from 21.5% in 2007 to 19.0% in 2016. In particular, daily smoking prevalence decreased by 50% from 13.5% in 2002 to 7.0% in 2016. Meanwhile nondaily smoking prevalence increased by 35% from 8.8% in 2009 to 11.9% in 2016, comprising a large proportion of smokers in Mexico [2,3]. This pattern of growth in the proportion of non-daily smokers is not only occurring in Mexico, but also in many middle-income countries, such as Brazil, India, Indonesia and Thailand [4], as well as in many high-income countries [5,6].…”