Smoking, sex, risk factors and abdominal aortic aneurysm: is it all down to testosterone?

Analysis of cardiovascular risk factors associated with serum testosterone levels according to the US 2011–2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

“…Interestingly, our study showed that serum testosterone levels in smokers were significantly higher than in nonsmokers and that tobacco use was negatively correlated with TD, which is in line with previous research [42,43]. This finding could be partially explained by the notion that a metabolite of nicotine in cigarettes, named "cotinine," shares a metabolic disposal pathway with androgens and may competitively inhibit androgen breakdown, resulting in increased testosterone levels in smokers [44]. However, it must be borne in mind that smoking is a well-established cause of CVD [45] and therefore the result of higher testosterone concentrations and lower TD incidence in smokers in our study was not likely to lead to the conclusion that smoking is able to reduce the incidence of CVD.…”

Correlation of plasma kisspeptin with total testosterone levels in smokeless tobacco and smoking tobacco users in a healthy cohort: A cross‐sectional study

“…Multiple studies reiterated a consistent effect of nicotine on testosterone level, independent to the route of administration (Schooling, ; Zhao, Leung, Lin, & Schooling, ). Both smoking and smokeless tobacco increases serum testosterone level in normal lean body weight individuals (Schooling, ).…”

“…Multiple studies reiterated a consistent effect of nicotine on testosterone level, independent to the route of administration (Schooling, ; Zhao, Leung, Lin, & Schooling, ). Both smoking and smokeless tobacco increases serum testosterone level in normal lean body weight individuals (Schooling, ). This effect was attributed either to nicotine or its metabolite cotinine and trans‐30‐hydroxycotinine (3HC) that competitively inhibits male sex androgen for clearance (Zhao et al, ).…”