Smoking-Related Risks of Colorectal Cancer by Anatomical Subsite and Sex

Gram, Inger Torhild; Park, Song‐Yi; Wilkens, Lynne R.; Haiman, Christopher A.; Marchand, Loı̈c Le

doi:10.1093/aje/kwaa005

Cited by 36 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…With respect to colon sites, we found that in men ever smoking was associated with an increased risk of DCC, but not of PCC, a finding consistent with a recent multiethnic cohort study from North America. 36 In contrast, a meta-analysis 9 The dose-response association between smoking (for the exposure variables: pack-years of smoking and smoking intensity) and CRC observed in the present study is consistent with the pooled analyses 22 and meta-analyses. 9,21,35 Of four Asian cohort studies [10][11][12][13] (including two Japanese studies) that examined the dose-response relationship between smoking and CRC, only one study detected a progressively increasing risk associated with increasing smoking intensity or packyears.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Our finding of no gender difference for colon or rectal cancer is consistent with results of two studies (colon 36 or rectal cancer 36,39 ), but not with those of another study, 40 which reported a stronger association between smoking and colon cancer in women than men. With respect to subsites of the colon, in a multiethnic cohort study, 36 ever smoking was associated with a significantly increased risk of DCC in men but not in women, whereas it was associated with a significantly increased risk of PCC in women but not in men. In a Norwegian study, 40 smoking was associated with significant increase in the risk of PCC in women but not in men, whereas it showed no association with DCC risk in both men and women.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 83%

“…With respect to colon sites, we found that in men ever smoking was associated with an increased risk of DCC, but not of PCC, a finding consistent with a recent multiethnic cohort study from North America 36 . In contrast, a meta‐analysis 9 and a recent large multinational cohort study from Europe 37 reported an increased risk of PCC, but not of DCC, associated with ever smoking.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…So far, few studies assessed gender difference for each subsite of CRC. Our finding of no gender difference for colon or rectal cancer is consistent with results of two studies (colon 36 or rectal cancer 36,39 ), but not with those of another study, 40 which reported a stronger association between smoking and colon cancer in women than men. With respect to subsites of the colon, in a multiethnic cohort study, 36 ever smoking was associated with a significantly increased risk of DCC in men but not in women, whereas it was associated with a significantly increased risk of PCC in women but not in men.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

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Smoking and colorectal cancer: A pooled analysis of 10 population‐based cohort studies in Japan

Akter

Islam

Mizoue

et al. 2020

Intl Journal of Cancer

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Smoking has been consistently associated with the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) in Western populations; however, evidence is limited and inconsistent in Asian people. To assess the association of smoking status, smoking intensity and smoking cessation with colorectal risk in the Japanese population, we performed a pooled analysis of 10 population‐based cohort studies. Study‐specific hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Cox's proportional hazards model and then pooled using a random‐effects model. Among 363 409 participants followed up for 2 666 004 person‐years, 9232 incident CRCs were identified. In men, compared with never smokers, ever smokers showed higher risk of CRC. The HRs (95% CI) were 1.19 (1.10‐1.29) for CRC, 1.19 (1.09‐1.30) for colon cancer, 1.28 (1.13‐1.46) for distal colon cancer and 1.21 (1.07‐1.36) for rectal cancer. Smoking was associated with risk of CRC in a dose‐response manner. In women, compared with never smokers, ever smokers showed increased risk of distal colon cancer (1.47 [1.19‐1.82]). There was no evidence of a significant gender difference in the association of smoking and CRC risk. Our results confirm that smoking is associated with an increased risk of CRC, both overall and subsites, in Japanese men and distal colon cancer in Japanese women.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 83%

“…With respect to colon sites, we found that in men ever smoking was associated with an increased risk of DCC, but not of PCC, a finding consistent with a recent multiethnic cohort study from North America 36 . In contrast, a meta‐analysis 9 and a recent large multinational cohort study from Europe 37 reported an increased risk of PCC, but not of DCC, associated with ever smoking.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

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Smoking and colorectal cancer: A pooled analysis of 10 population‐based cohort studies in Japan

Akter

Islam

Mizoue

et al. 2020

Intl Journal of Cancer

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“…For example, the present study revealed that the risk of second esophagus cancer was increased in CA and SRCC, and the risk of second lung and bronchus cancer was increased in CA and MA. This is likely associated with the well-established link between tobacco smoking and increased risk of CRC ( 20 , 21 ). Similarly, increased risk of second kidney cancer in CA and second corpus uteri cancer in the three subtypes of CRC could partially be associated with obesity ( 22 , 23 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk of Second Primary Malignancies Based on the Histological Subtypes of Colorectal Cancer

Mei-juan

Huang

et al. 2021

Front. Oncol.

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Background: Previous studies have revealed an increased risk of second primary malignancies (SPMs) after colorectal cancer (CRC); however, no previous investigation has quantified differences in the risk of SPMs based on the histological subtypes of first primary CRC.Methods: Patients diagnosed with first primary CRC between 2000 and 2011 were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results cancer registries. The patients were divided into three cohorts: classical adenocarcinoma (CA), mucinous adenocarcinoma (MA), and signet-ring cell carcinoma (SRCC). Standardized incidence ratios were calculated to assess the risk of SPMs among the patients.Results: Overall risk of SPMs was significantly higher among patients with three histological subtypes of CRC than in the general population. The risk of esophagus cancer was significantly increased in SRCC. The risk of small intestine, colon and rectum, and corpus uteri cancers was high in three histological subtypes, with the highest risk observed in SRCC, followed by MA. Increased risks of second stomach, uterus, urinary bladder, kidney, and thyroid cancers were only observed in CA patients, while increased risk of second renal pelvis cancer was limited to MA patients. Furthermore, the high overall risk of SPMs in CA patients persisted regardless of clinicopathological factors. After surgery combined with chemotherapy treatment, CA patients were more prone to developing second small intestine, colon and rectum cancers than those treated with surgery only. A lower second prostate cancer risk was observed in rectal CA patients treated with surgery combined with radiotherapy than in patients treated with surgery only.Conclusion: The present study revealed that the risk of developing SPMs after CRC varied based on the histological subtypes of the first primary CRC. Although the mechanisms underlying the observed patterns of SPM risk remain unknown, the study provided insights into future cancer surveillance based on the histological subtypes of CRC.

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The death burden of colorectal cancer attributable to modifiable risk factors, trend analysis from 1990 to 2019 and future predictions

Zhu,

Zhang,

et al. 2024

Cancer Medicine

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BackgroundThe death burden attributable to modifiable risk factors is key to colorectal cancer (CRC) prevention. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and regional distribution of attributable CRC death burden worldwide from 1990 to 2019.MethodsWe extracted data from the Global Burden of Disease Study in 2019 and assessed the mortality, age‐standardized death rate (ASDR), population attributable fractions, and time trend in CRC attributable to risk factors by geography, socio‐demographic index (SDI) quintile, age, and sex.ResultsOver the past 30 years, from high to low SDI region, the number of deaths increased by 46.56%, 103.55%, 249.64%, 231.89%, 163.11%, and the average annual percentage change (AAPC) for ASDR were −1.06%, −0.01%, 1.32%, 1.19%, and 0.65%, respectively. ASDR in males was 1.88 times than in females in 2019; ASDR in males showed an increasing trend (AAPC 0.07%), whereas ASDR in females showed a decreasing trend (AAPC −0.69%) compared to figures in 1990. In 2019, from high to low SDI region, the 15–49 age group accounted for 3%, 6%, 10%, 11%, and 15% of the total population; dietary and metabolic factors contributed 43.4% and 20.8% to CRC‐attributable death worldwide. From high to low SDI region, ASDRs caused by dietary and metabolic factors increased by −23.4%, −5.5%, 25.8%, 29.1%, 13.5%, and 1.4%, 33.3%, 100.8%, 128.4%, 77.7% respectively, compared to 1990.ConclusionsThe attributable CRC death burden gradually shifted from higher SDI to lower SDI regions. The limitation in males was more significant, and the gap is expected to be further expanded. In lower SDI regions, the death burden tended to affect younger people. The leading cause of CRC‐attributable deaths was the inadequate control of dietary and metabolic risk factors.

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Smoking-Related Risks of Colorectal Cancer by Anatomical Subsite and Sex

Cited by 36 publications

References 39 publications

Smoking and colorectal cancer: A pooled analysis of 10 population‐based cohort studies in Japan

Smoking and colorectal cancer: A pooled analysis of 10 population‐based cohort studies in Japan

Risk of Second Primary Malignancies Based on the Histological Subtypes of Colorectal Cancer

The death burden of colorectal cancer attributable to modifiable risk factors, trend analysis from 1990 to 2019 and future predictions

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