Smoking of tobacco is the cause of human lung cancer

Abstract

Objective: The aim of this study is to re-evaluate the relationship between smoking and lung cancer.
 Methods: In order to clarify the relationship between cigarette smoking and lung cancer, a review and meta-analysis of appropriate studies with a total sample size of n = 48393 was conducted. The p-value was set to p < 0,05.
 Results: It was not possible to reject the null-hypothesis H0: without smoking no lung cancer. Furthermore, the null-hypothesis H0: No causal relationship between smoking and lung cancer was rejected.
 Conclusions: Compared to the results from previous studies, the results of this study confirm previously published results. According the results of this study, without smoking no lung cancer. Smoking is the cause of lung cancer.
 Keywords: Smoking, lung cancer, causal relationship

Human papillomavirus is the cause of human prostate cancer

“…Whether a sample distribution observed is identical with a theoretical distribution expected was proofed by Pearson's Chi-square goodness of fit test 63 too. The applicability of using the Pearson chi-squared statistic in cases where the cell frequencies of a 2× 2 contingency table are not greater than five is widely discussed in literature.…”

“…The applicability of using the Pearson chi-squared statistic in cases where the cell frequencies of a 2× 2 contingency table are not greater than five is widely discussed in literature. The rule of three 63 has been applied by the analysis of the study of Whitaker et al 38 . The use of Yate's continuity correction in this context is to some extent controversary and not essential.…”

“…Additionally, the odds ratio 63 (OR), even if severely and justifiably criticized and disproved especially by Karl Pearson 63 (1857-1925) and Heron, with a confidence interval of 95% was determined.…”

“…The following critical values of the chi square distribution 63 as visualized by Table 9 are used in this publication. Claims.…”

“…The Fisher exact test statistic value is 0.0198 for conditio sine qua non relationship and for the conditio per quam relationship. The critical value of the conditio sine qua non relationship calculated according to the rule of three 63 is pcritical(SINE) = 1-(3/20) = 0,85. Based on the data of Whitaker et al 38 without HPV no PC and equally if HPV then PC.…”