Smoking, Menthol Cigarettes, and Peripheral Artery Disease in U.S. Adults

Jones, Miranda R.; Apelberg, Benjamin J.; Samet, Jonathan M.; Navas‐Acien, Ana

doi:10.1093/ntr/nts253

Cited by 15 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(33 reference statements)

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“…We identified 14 studies published between 1989 and 2012 for the meta-analysis (Figure 1), including 2 studies of all cause mortality [34,35], 3 of cardiovascular disease [14,34,36,37], 9 of lung cancer [29,31,32,34,35,38–41] and 3 of non-lung cancers [27,28,30]. Figure 2 summarizes the study characteristics and relative risk estimates for studies comparing risk for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease and cancer among menthol cigarette smokers compared to smokers of nonmenthol cigarettes.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Smoking, Menthol Cigarettes and All-Cause, Cancer and Cardiovascular Mortality: Evidence from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and a Meta-Analysis

2013

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BackgroundThe U.S. Food and Drug Administration has the authority to regulate tobacco product constituents, including menthol, if the scientific evidence indicates harm. Few studies, however, have evaluated the health effects of menthol cigarette use.ObjectiveTo investigate associations of cigarette smoking and menthol cigarette use with all-cause, cancer and cardiovascular risk in U.S. adults.MethodsWe studied 10,289 adults ≥ 20 years of age who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1999-2004 and were followed through December 2006. We also identified studies comparing risk of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease and cancer for menthol and nonmenthol cigarette smokers and estimates were pooled using random-effects models.ResultsFifty-five percent of participants were never smokers compared to 23%, 17% and 5% of former, current nonmenthol and current menthol cigarette smokers, respectively. The adjusted hazard ratios (95% CI) for former, current nonmenthol and current menthol cigarette smokers compared to never smokers were 1.24 (0.96, 1.62), 2.40 (1.56, 3.71) and 2.07 (1.20, 3.58), respectively, for all-cause mortality; 0.92 (0.62, 1.37), 2.10 (1.02, 4.31) and 3.48 (1.52, 7.99) for cardiovascular mortality; and 1.91 (1.21, 3.00), 3.82 (2.19, 6.68) and 2.03 (1.00, 4.13) for cancer mortality. Using data from 3 studies of all-cause mortality, 5 of cardiovascular disease and 13 of cancer, the pooled relative risks (95% CI) comparing menthol cigarette smokers to nonmenthol cigarette smokers was 0.94 (0.85, 1.05) for all-cause mortality, 1.28 (0.91, 1.80) for cardiovascular disease and 0.84 (0.76, 0.92) for any cancer.ConclusionsIn a representative sample of U.S. adults, menthol cigarette smoking was associated with increased all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality with no differences compared to nonmenthol cigarettes. In the systematic review, menthol cigarette use was associated with inverse risk of cancer compared to nonmenthol cigarette use with some evidence of an increased risk for cardiovascular disease.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In our study, we could not evaluate the association with stroke mortality due to the small number of cases. In 5,973 participants ≥ 40 years of age from NHANES 1999-2004, the prevalence of peripheral artery disease (measured ankle-brachial blood pressure index <0.9) was similar comparing menthol and nonmenthol cigarette smokers [36]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smoking, Menthol Cigarettes and All-Cause, Cancer and Cardiovascular Mortality: Evidence from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and a Meta-Analysis

2013

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“…Together these studies indicate that biological predispositions as well as social determinants are associated with cigarette use among African Americans in adulthood. The preference among African Americans to smoke mentholated cigarettes may contribute to the racial disparities in smoking-related cancers (Apelberg et al, 2012; Clark et al, 1996; Jones et al, 2013). To date, few studies have found support for the hypothesis that individuals who use mentholated cigarettes have higher rates of lung cancer (Mustonen et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Racial differences in heritability of cigarette smoking in adolescents and young adults

Bares

Kendler

Maes

2016

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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Introduction Although epidemiologic studies suggest low levels of cigarette use among African American adolescents relative to White U.S. adolescents, it is not known whether this may be due to racial differences in the relative contribution of genes and environment to cigarette use initiation and progression to regular use. Methods Using data from White (n=2,665) and African American (n=809) twins and full siblings sampled in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent, we fitted age-, sex- and race-specific variance decomposition models to estimate the magnitude of genetic and environmental effects on cigarette use initiation and cigarette use quantity in Whites and African Americans across adolescence and adulthood. We employ a causal-contingent-common pathway model to estimate the amount of variance explained in quantity of cigarettes smoked contingent on cigarette use initiation. Results African Americans had lower cigarette use prevalence from adolescence through adulthood, and used cigarettes less heavily than Whites. Race-specific causal-contingent-common pathway models indicate that racial differences in genetic and environmental contributions to cigarette use initiation and cigarette use quantities are not present in adolescence but appear in young adulthood. Additive genetic factors were an important risk factor for cigarette use initiation for White but less so for African American young adults and adults. Conclusions Genetic and environmental contributions for cigarette use are similar by race in adolescence. In adulthood, genes have a stronger influence for cigarette use among White adolescents while the influence of the environment is minimal. For African Americans, both genetic and environmental influences are important in young adulthood and adulthood.

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“…8 , 13 , 15 Smokers have 2.5 times the risk of developing PAD when compared with nonsmokers. 17 Cigarette smoking causes injury to the vascular endothelium, which is a precursor of atherosclerosis. 17 The prognosis of PAD is confounded by an increased risk for coronary arterial disease and higher degrees of internal carotid artery stenosis.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…17 Cigarette smoking causes injury to the vascular endothelium, which is a precursor of atherosclerosis. 17 The prognosis of PAD is confounded by an increased risk for coronary arterial disease and higher degrees of internal carotid artery stenosis. 9 Approximately one-half of individuals with PAD are asymptomatic.…”

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Nutritional Considerations for the Rehabilitation Clinician Addressing Peripheral Arterial Disease

Karavatas¹

2013

Topics in Geriatric Rehabilitation

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Smoking, Menthol Cigarettes, and Peripheral Artery Disease in U.S. Adults

Cited by 15 publications

References 34 publications

Smoking, Menthol Cigarettes and All-Cause, Cancer and Cardiovascular Mortality: Evidence from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and a Meta-Analysis

Smoking, Menthol Cigarettes and All-Cause, Cancer and Cardiovascular Mortality: Evidence from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and a Meta-Analysis

Racial differences in heritability of cigarette smoking in adolescents and young adults

Nutritional Considerations for the Rehabilitation Clinician Addressing Peripheral Arterial Disease

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