Smoking is a risk factor for pulmonary metastasis in colorectal cancer

Yahagi, Masashi; Tsuruta, Masashi; Hasegawa, Hirotoshi; Okabayashi, Koji; Toyoda, Naoyuki; Iwama, Nozomi; Morita, Satoru; Kitagawa, Yuko

doi:10.1111/codi.13833

Cited by 24 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Previous studies reported the incidence of liver metastases, lung metastases, bone metastases, and brain metastases, which ranged from 14.5 to 26.5% [10][11][12][13], 2.4 to 6.9% [8,14], 2.7 to 10% [4,15,16], and 0.23 to 3% [4,6,7,15], respectively. Differences in the sample size of each study may have led to these inconsistent results for the same metastatic sites.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nomogram based on homogeneous and heterogeneous associated factors for predicting distant metastases in patients with colorectal cancer

et al. 2021

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Background The identification of the homogeneous and heterogeneous risk factors for different types of metastases in colorectal cancer (CRC) may shed light on the aetiology and help individualize prophylactic treatment. The present study characterized the incidence differences and identified the homogeneous and heterogeneous risk factors associated with distant metastases in CRC. Methods CRC patients registered in the SEER database between 2010 and 2016 were included in this study. Logistic regression was used to analyse homogeneous and heterogeneous risk factors for the occurrence of different types of metastases. Nomograms were constructed to predict the risk for developing metastases, and the performance was quantitatively assessed using the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve and calibration curve. Results A total of 204,595 eligible CRC patients were included in our study, and 17.07% of them had distant metastases. The overall incidences of liver metastases, lung metastases, bone metastases, and brain metastases were 15.34%, 5.22%, 1.26%, and 0.29%, respectively. The incidence of distant metastases differed by age, gender, and the original CRC sites. Poorly differentiated grade, more lymphatic metastasis, higher carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and different metastatic organs were all positively associated with four patterns of metastases. In contrast, age, sex, race, insurance status, position, and T stage were heterogeneously associated with metastases. The calibration and ROC curves exhibited good performance for predicting distant metastases. Conclusions The incidence of distant metastases in CRC exhibited distinct differences, and the patients had homogeneous and heterogeneous associated risk factors. Although limited risk factors were included in the present study, the established nomogram showed good prediction performance.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nomogram based on homogeneous and heterogeneous associated factors for predicting distant metastases in patients with colorectal cancer

et al. 2021

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“…However, our results demonstrated significantly higher number of cysts in upper lobe location in current smokers compared with previous and never smokers, which may be caused by the relatively overventilation of the lung apices compared to the lung bases, which are prone to smoke-related inhalation injury [19]. Furthermore, both current as well as previous smokers revealed significantly higher numbers of pulmonary metastases compared with non-smokers and MPNST, which might be explained by the protooncogenic stimulation caused by smoking [20] and by the fact, that smoking is regarded as risk factor for pulmonary metastasis in gastrointestinal cancers [21,22] and breast cancer [23]. Moreover, it has been suggested, that NF1 may enhance the pulmonary sensitivity to cigarette smoke [7].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural alteration of lung parenchyma in patients with NF1: a phenotyping study using multidetector computed tomography (MDCT)

Avanesov

Well

Laqmani

et al. 2021

Orphanet J Rare Dis

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Background Diffuse interstitial lung disease have been described in Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), but its diversity and prevalence remain unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and characteristics of (NF1)-associated lung manifestations in a large single-center study using multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) and to evaluate the smoking history, patients’ age, genetics, and the presence of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) as potential influencing factors for lung pathologies. Methods In this retrospective study, 71 patients with NF1 were evaluated for the presence of distinctive lung manifestations like reticulations, consolidations, type of emphysema, pulmonary nodules and cysts. All patients underwent F-18-FDG PET/CT scans, which were reviewed by two experienced radiologists in consensus. Patients’ subgroups were formed based on their smoking history (current smokers/previous smokers/never smokers), age (< 12 years, 12–18 years, > 18 years), and presence of MPNST (MPNST/no MPNST). In 57 patients (80%), genetic analysis of sequences coding for the neurofibromin on chromosome 17 was performed, which was correlated with different lung pathologies. Results Among all NF1 patients (33 ± 14 years, 56% females), 17 patients (24%) were current smokers and 62 patients (87%) were > 18 years old. Pulmonary cysts, nodules, and paraseptal emphysema were the most common pulmonary findings (35%, 32%, 30%). The presence of pulmonary metastases, MPNST and centrilobular emphysema was associated with smoking. Cysts were observed only in adults, whereas no significant correlation between age and all other pulmonary findings was found (p > 0.05). Presence of MPNST was accompanied by higher rates of intrapulmonary nodules and pulmonary metastasis. Neither the presence nor absence of any of the specific gene mutations was associated with any particular lung pathology (p > 0.05). Conclusions All pulmonary findings in NF1 patients occurred independently from specific mutation subtypes, suggesting that many NF1 mutations can cause various pulmonary pathologies. The presence of pulmonary metastases, MPNST and centrilobular emphysema was associated with smoking, indicating the value of smoking secession or the advice not to start smoking in NF1 patients as preventive strategy for clinicians. For screening of pulmonary manifestations in NF1 patients, an MDCT besides medical history and physical examination is mandatory in clinical routine.

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“…In this study, there was a significant increase in the number of pulmonary metastases of CRC, as shown radiologically and pathologically, in the smoking group compared to the control group; this is consistent with the results of a previous clinical study. 9 The culprit was the trapping of cancer cells by ICAM-1, an adhesion molecule overexpressed due to inflammation caused by smoking. Collectively, smoking is a risk factor for pulmonary metastasis in CRC.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previously, our retrospective study showed that current smokers, compared with former smokers and those who never smoked, might have a signiﬁcantly increased risk of metachronous pulmonary metastasis following curative resection of CRC. 9 Although CRC is a high morbidity cancer that can have a high survival rate when diagnosed and treated early, it is known that prognosis worsens when it metastasizes to other organs. Thus, determining the relationship between smoking and pulmonary metastasis of CRC may lead to not only proof of smoking toxicity and add to the risks of passive smoking, but may also lead to the development of new drug therapies for pulmonary metastasis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

<p>The Impact of Smoking on Pulmonary Metastasis in Colorectal Cancer</p>

Makino

Tsuruta

Okabayashi

et al. 2020

OTT

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Introduction: Recently, clinical studies have revealed that smoking can contribute to the poor prognosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) and, additionally, can be a risk factor for pulmonary metastasis of CRC. However, there has been no basic research regarding the underlying molecular mechanism. The purpose of this study was to clarify the mechanism by which smoking causes pulmonary metastasis of CRC. Methods: First, pulmonary metastasis model mice inhaled cigarette smoke or air (control) for 1 h once a day for 3 weeks. We attempted to clarify the effect of smoking on the incidence of pulmonary metastasis. On the 15th day, CMT-93 cells were injected into the tail vein. At 6 and 8 weeks following injection, the extent of pulmonary metastasis was evaluated using in vivo micro CT. After the last CT examination, the mice were sacrificed, and the lungs were extracted for pathological examination. Results: The number of mice with pulmonary metastases in the smoking group was significantly higher than in the control group. Three weeks of smoking induced mild inflammation in the lungs, as evidenced by increases in the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in bronchoalveolar lavage. Moreover, the adhesion-related molecule ICAM-1 was overexpressed in pulmonary tissue, which allowed drained cancer cells to remain in the lung and contribute to the formation of pulmonary metastasis. Conclusion: Collectively, cigarette smoking may contribute to the pathogenesis and development of pulmonary metastasis in CRC through enhancement of adhesion and inflammation.

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Smoking is a risk factor for pulmonary metastasis in colorectal cancer

Abstract: Smoking may be a risk factor for pulmonary metastasis of colorectal cancer. Cessation of smoking should be recommended to prevent pulmonary metastasis, although further basic and clinical studies are required.

Cited by 24 publications

References 17 publications

Nomogram based on homogeneous and heterogeneous associated factors for predicting distant metastases in patients with colorectal cancer

Nomogram based on homogeneous and heterogeneous associated factors for predicting distant metastases in patients with colorectal cancer

Structural alteration of lung parenchyma in patients with NF1: a phenotyping study using multidetector computed tomography (MDCT)

<p>The Impact of Smoking on Pulmonary Metastasis in Colorectal Cancer</p>

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