Smoking habits and benign prostatic hyperplasia

Abstract

Previous studies have warned against the promoting effects of cigarette smoking on benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). In contrast, some have argued that smoking confers a protective effect regarding BPH, while others have observed an aggravated effect. Thus, we performed this meta-analysis to determine whether cigarette use is associated with BPH risk.To identify articles from observational studies of relevance, a search was performed concurrent to March 21, 2016, on PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, EBSCO, and EMBASE databases. Random-effect model, according to the heterogeneity, was calculated to reveal the relative risks (RRs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs).Eight articles were included in this meta-analysis, representing data for 44,100 subjects, of which 5221 (11.8%) had BPH as defined according to the criteria. Seven reports are concerned with analysis between nonsmokers and ex-smokers, in which no significant difference was observed (RR = 0.99, 95% CI 0.94–1.05). Another meta-analysis of 7 studies indicated an observable trend, but without significant difference between groups of nonsmokers and current smokers (RR = 1.17, 95% CI 0.98–1.41). Between groups of heavy (6 articles; RR = 1.02, 95% CI 0.84–1.24) and light smokers (5 articles; RR = 0.90, 95% CI 0.71–1.15), again no significant difference appears. Finally, we combined individuals as never-smokers and ever-smokers and still found no significant difference between the 2 groups of patients (RR = 1.03, 95% CI 0.92–1.15). Sensitivity analysis was displayed and confirmed the stability of the present results.Combined evidence from observational studies shows no significant association between cigarette smoking and BPH risk, either for ex-smokers or for current smokers. The trend of elevated BPH risk from smoking was observed only in current smokers compared with nonsmokers, while marginal significance was observed in comparing ever-smokers with never-smokers in operative patients with BPH.

The impacts of metabolic syndrome and lifestyle on the prevalence of benign prostatic hyperplasia requiring treatment: historical cohort study of 130 454 men

“…That is, our present results cannot support the preventive effects of alcohol on BPH, and we could only conclude that the prevalence of BPH requiring treatment increases with ageing, although it is slightly less prevalent in all age groups if they drank alcohol. In the present study, the level of smoking was found to be significantly associated with the prevalence of BPH, which is in agreement with previous studies [27]. Although the level of smoking was significantly associated with a decreased prevalence of BPH in men aged <50 years, this finding might be secondary to the fact that a close relationship exists between smoking and alcohol consumption, and this topic requires further validation.…”

Periodontal disease and risk of benign prostate hyperplasia: a cross-sectional study

“…However, a recent systematic review and meta-analysis based on 44,100 subjects showed no significant association between cigarette smoking and BPH risk for either ex-smokers or current smokers [46]. Another systematic review in 2017 showed marked associations of modest alcohol intake with decreased BPH diagnosis and lower urinary tract symptoms [46]. Hence, we can conclude that our results might not be substantially affected by the lack of data on smoking and alcohol consumption.…”

“…Neither smoking nor alcohol consumption status was included in our data, so we could not analyze their potential influences in this study. However, a recent systematic review and meta-analysis based on 44,100 subjects showed no significant association between cigarette smoking and BPH risk for either ex-smokers or current smokers [46]. Another systematic review in 2017 showed marked associations of modest alcohol intake with decreased BPH diagnosis and lower urinary tract symptoms [46].…”

Association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and increased risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia: a retrospective nationwide cohort study

“… 31 Moreover, a recent meta-analysis combining eight observational studies indicated there is no significant association between smoking and BPH risk either for ex-smokers or current smokers. 32 Although the NHIRD does not contain information regarding smoking habits of enrollees, a recent study by Cheng et al indicated that approximately 82.9% of patients with COPD are ever-smokers in Taiwan. 33 A public health report released by the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Taiwan indicated that the ratio of smokers in the male population of Taiwan was 44.3% in individuals aged 41–45 years, and 14.9% in individuals aged over 66 years.…”