Smoking deprivation and cigarette reinstatement: effects upon visual attention

Parrott, Andrew C.; Roberts, Gavin J.

doi:10.1177/026988119100500435

Cited by 45 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(46 reference statements)

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“…The present change in response time was not accompanied by any alteration in accuracy (table 2); thus it cannot be explained as a speed-accuracy tradeoff. The sensitivity of the present letter cancellation task to nicotine was confirmed by Parrott and Roberts [1991]. Subjects deprived of nicotine showed significant reductions in response speed and target detection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

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Cigarette Smoking and Nicotine Gum (0, 2 and 4 mg): Effects upon Four Visual Attention Tasks

Parrott

Craig

1992

Neuropsychobiology

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Sixteen regular smokers, abstinent for 12 h prior to testing, were assessed on a battery of four visual attention tasks: rapid visual information processing (RVIP), letter cancellation, Stroop, and width of attention. Each subject was assessed under four conditions: placebo gum, 2 mg nicotine gum, 4 mg nicotine gum, and cigarette smoking (own brand), with the order of drug administration determined by latin square. Pre-post drug difference scores for letter cancellation response time demonstrated a significant monotonic dose-response function, with significantly faster performance following cigarette than placebo. RVIP response time and target detection were also affected by nicotine. One RVIP task parameter demonstrated a significant monotonic dose-response function, with highest performance under smoking. Other RVIP measures demonstrated curvilinear dose-response functions, with highest performance under nicotine gum, and broadly similar performance after placebo gum and cigarette smoking. Monotonic and inverted-U arousal/performance functions similar to these have been demonstrated in previous research with nicotine. In contrast to the significant changes in sustained attention, neither width of attention nor Stroop task performance (an index of distractability) was affected by nicotine. Resting heart rate and subjective ‘need for a cigarette’ showed the predicted monotonic dose-response functions following nicotine. There were no significant changes in any Profile of Mood State factor.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

“…Correct detection, commission error (false alarm), and response time, were recorded automatically. Letter cancellation comprised a pencil and paper task [Parrott, 1986;Parrott and Roberts. 1991 ].…”

Section: Assessment Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cigarette Smoking and Nicotine Gum (0, 2 and 4 mg): Effects upon Four Visual Attention Tasks

Parrott

Craig

1992

Neuropsychobiology

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“…(Williams, 1980;Parrott and Roberts, 1991;Parrott and Craig, 1992). This comprises a pencil-and-paper test of sustained visual attention.…”

Section: Assessment Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CCC 0885-6222/96/050391-10 found higher levels of task performance in active smokers, compared to deprived smokers (Williams, 1980;Wesnes and Warburton, 1983;Hasenfrantz et al, 1989;Parrott and Roberts, 1991). Performance improvements in deprived smokers, have been empirically demonstrated after just one or two inhalations (Revell, 1988).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cigarette Smoking and Abstinence: Comparative Effects Upon Cognitive Task Performance and Mood State over 24 Hours

Parrott

Garnham

Wesnes³

et al. 1996

Hum. Psychopharmacol. Clin. Exp.

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Twenty regular smokers were assessed over 24-h of normal cigarette smoking, and an equivalent period of abstinence. In both conditions, a non-deprived baseline was followed by performance tests 2, 6 and 24 h later, while subjective feelings were assessed every 2 h. Compared to normal smoking, abstinence led to reduced heart rate, worse task performance, feelings of depression, stress, irritability, restlessness, poor concentration, and urges to smoke. Letter cancellation and number vigilance task performance were significantly poorer after 2 and 6 h of abstinence. Subjective feeling states were significantly worse after 4 h of abstinence, and became increasingly impaired over the rest of the day. However many abstinence symptoms (except heart rate), were reduced in severity at the 24-h session, held on the morning of the following day. This suggests that many of the psychological effects of smoking abstinence, may build-up afresh each day.

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“…In nicotine-dependent individuals, tobacco deprivation can impair attentional and cognitive abilities within 12 h of smoking cessation (Bell et al 1999;Gross et al 1993;Lyvers et al 1994), and nicotine administration or cigarette smoking can reverse such deficits to predeprivation performance levels (Bell et al 1999;Parrott and Roberts 1991). Whether improved performance associated with relief from withdrawal should be considered cognitive enhancement has been questioned (Heishman et al 1994;Hughes 1991).…”

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confidence: 99%