Smoking, dementia and cognitive decline in the elderly, a systematic review

Peters, Ruth; Poulter, Ruth; Warner, James; Beckett, Nigel; Burch, Lisa; Bulpitt, C

doi:10.1186/1471-2318-8-36

Cited by 250 publications

(197 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Numerous studies have compared current, former and never smokers, but few if any studies have examined duration of smoking cessation. Finally, most studies investigating the effect of smoking on dementia were conducted with Western populations,13, 17 with relatively few studies conducted in Asia. As there are differences in prevalence18 and type distribution19 of dementia among Western and Asian populations, the effect of smoking on the risk of dementia might also differ between ethnic groups.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of smoking cessation on the risk of dementia: a longitudinal study

Choi

Park

2018

Ann Clin Transl Neurol

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ObjectiveTo determine the risk of developing dementia in relation to duration of smoking cessation by using a nationwide health claims database.MethodsThis cohort study included 46,140 men aged 60 years or older from Korean National Health Insurance System – National Health Screening Cohort, a population‐based national health screening program from 2002 to 2013. The changes in smoking habit from a questionnaire during the first (2002 and 2003) and second (2004 and 2005) health examination periods, participants were divided into continual smokers, short‐term (less than 4 years) quitters, long‐term (4 years or more) quitters, and never smokers. Participants were followed‐up for 8 years from January 1, 2006 for the development of overall dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and vascular dementia.ResultsCompared to continual smokers, long‐term quitters and never smokers had decreased risk of overall dementia (hazard ratio, HR 0.86 95% CI, confidence interval 0.75–0.99 and HR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.71–0.91, respectively). Never smokers had decreased risk of Alzheimer's disease (HR: 0.82; 95% CI: 0.70–0.96) compared to continual smokers. Finally, both long‐term quitters (HR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.48–0.96) and never smokers (HR: 0.71; 95% CI: 0.54–0.95) had decreased risk of vascular dementia compared to continual smokers.InterpretationSmoking was associated with increased risk of dementia. Smokers who quit for a prolonged period of time may benefit from reduced risk of dementia. Therefore, smokers should be encouraged to quit in order to reduce the risk of developing dementia, especially in the elderly population who are already at risk.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of smoking cessation on the risk of dementia: a longitudinal study

Choi

Park

2018

Ann Clin Transl Neurol

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“…63 Our PAR calculations used a RR of 1.59 for AD since this was based on the most comprehensive meta-analysis. 64 Former smoking was not associated with AD risk in most studies. 62 Prevalence-The worldwide prevalence of smoking in individuals aged 15 years or older in 1995 was 29%, with the highest prevalence observed in Europe and Asia (34%) and the lowest in sub-Saharan Africa (18%).…”

Section: Smokingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[62][63][64] A meta-analysis of 19 prospective studies found that current smoking was associated with a significantly increased risk of dementia (RR, 1.27; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.60) and AD (RR, 1.79; 95% CI: 1.43, 2.23). 62 However, a more recent meta-analysis that included 23 longitudinal studies found slightly lower risk estimates of 1.16 (95% CI: 0.90, 1.50) for all-cause dementia and 1.59 (95% CI: 1.15, 2.20) for AD.…”

Section: Smokingmentioning

confidence: 99%

O3‐06‐06: The Projected impact of risk factor reduction on Alzheimer's disease prevalence

Barnes

Yaffe

2011

Alzheimer's & Dementia

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There are currently approximately 33.9 million individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) worldwide, and prevalence is expected to triple over the next 40 years. The goal of this review was to summarize the evidence regarding seven potentially modifiable AD risk factors: diabetes, midlife hypertension, mid-life obesity, smoking, depression, low educational attainment and physical inactivity. In addition, we projected the impact of risk factor reduction on AD prevalence by calculating population attributable risks (PARs, the percent of cases attributable to a given factor) and the number of AD cases that could potentially be prevented by 10% and 25% risk factor reductions worldwide and in the US. Together, these factors contributed to up to half of AD cases globally (17.2 million) and in the US (2.9 million). A 10%-25% reduction in all seven risk factors could potentially prevent as many as 1.1-3.0 million cases worldwide and 184,000-492,000 cases in the US.

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“…A previous study using the data on adult women in the National Health and Nutrition Survey of Japan (NHNS) from 1989-2003, showed that anemia was prevalent (25.3%-26.2%) among women aged 70 years and older [7]. Recently, studies have indicated anemia as one of the factors responsible for health decline among the elderly, such as increased risk in all-cause mortality [8][9][10][11], decline in cognitive function, dementia [12] and increased fracture risk [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved Prevalence of Anemia and Nutritional Status among Japanese Elderly Participants in the National Health and Nutritional Survey Japan, 2003-2009

Imai¹,

Nakade²,

Tsuboyama³

et al. 2016

J Nutr Food Sci

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Objectives: This study aimed 1) to examine the trends in the prevalence of anemia of the Japanese elderly population and 2) to evaluate the association between hemoglobin concentrations and diet and lifestyle factors, by using data from a population-based, nationwide cross-sectional survey in Japan, from [2003][2004][2005][2006][2007][2008][2009]. Design:A cross-sectional nationally representative survey. Setting: Japan.Participants: A nationally representative sample of 10,606 community dwelling men (n=4656) and women (n=5950) aged 65 years and over.Measurements: Information on anthropometry, dietary intake status, information on current medication, lifestyle habits, and blood biomarker measurements were obtained from the participants. Anemia was defined as hemoglobin concentrations <130 g/L in men and <120 g/L in women. Logistic regression analysis adjusted for subject age was applied to estimate the effect of survey year to anemia prevalence. Multiple regression analysis was applied to estimate the effect of survey year and clinical, dietary and lifestyle factors to hemoglobin values.Results: Anemia prevalence was 19.3% in men and 21.7% in women. When adjusted for age, the prevalence of anemia significantly decreased by each survey year in both men (odds ratio: 0.933, 95% confidence interval: 0.899, 0.968, p<0.001) and women (odds ratio: 0.968, 95% confidence interval: 0.939, 0.999, p=0.040). The multivariate model explained 25% and 22% of the variance in hemoglobin values in men and women, respectively. In both men and women, each unit of increase in BMI, daily smoking, serum ferritin and albumin was positively associated to hemoglobin values, and age was negatively associated. After adjusting for all factors, hemoglobin values were estimated to increase 0.66 g/L per year in men, and 0.68 g/L per year in women. Conclusion:Nutritional status of the Japanese elderly as observed by anemia prevalence and hemoglobin concentrations has improved in recent years.

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Smoking, dementia and cognitive decline in the elderly, a systematic review

Cited by 250 publications

References 53 publications

Effect of smoking cessation on the risk of dementia: a longitudinal study

Effect of smoking cessation on the risk of dementia: a longitudinal study

O3‐06‐06: The Projected impact of risk factor reduction on Alzheimer's disease prevalence

Improved Prevalence of Anemia and Nutritional Status among Japanese Elderly Participants in the National Health and Nutritional Survey Japan, 2003-2009

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