Smoking-Cessation Prevalence Among U.S. Smokers of Menthol Versus Non-Menthol Cigarettes

Delnevo, Cristine D.; Gundersen, Daniel A.; Hrywna, Mary; Echeverría, Sandra E.; Steinberg, Michael B.

doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2011.06.039

Cited by 105 publications

(94 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Furthermore, menthol cigarettes are increasingly shown to promote nicotine dependence and adversely impact smoking cessation, especially among sub-populations of smokers, e.g., African-Americans or women [3,29,43,50,51]. Recent nationally representative studies in the USA and Canada [49, [51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60] have confirmed earlier reports [61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69] that menthol cigarette use is associated with increased nicotine addiction and reduced cessation success. Other studies, however, failed to demonstrate a significant difference in cessation-related outcomes between menthol and nonmenthol cigarette smokers [26, [70][71][72][73][74].…”

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confidence: 63%

The lingering question of menthol in cigarettes

Besaratinia

Tommasi

2014

Cancer Causes Control

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Tobacco use is the single most important preventable cause of cancer-related deaths in the USA and many parts of the world. There is growing evidence that menthol cigarettes are starter tobacco products for children, adolescents, and young adults. Accumulating research also suggests that smoking menthol cigarettes reinforces nicotine dependence, impedes cessation, and promotes relapse. However, menthol cigarettes are exempt from the US Food and Drug Administration ban on flavored cigarettes due, in part, to the lack of empirical evidence describing the health consequences of smoking menthol cigarettes relative to regular cigarettes. Determining the biological effects of menthol cigarette smoke relative to regular cigarette smoke can clarify the health risks associated with the use of respective products and assist regulatory agencies in making scientifically based decisions on the development and evaluation of regulations on tobacco products to protect public health and to reduce tobacco use by minors. We highlight the inherent shortcomings of the conventional epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory research on menthol cigarettes that have contributed to the ongoing debate on the public health impact of menthol in cigarettes. In addition, we provide perspectives on how future investigations exploiting state-of-the-art biomarkers of exposure and disease states can help answer the lingering question of menthol in cigarettes.With the enactment of the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act (FSPTCA) in 2009, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was granted authority to regulate the manufacture, marketing, and distribution of tobacco products to protect public health and to reduce tobacco use by minors [1]. In 2011, the Tobacco Products Scientific Advisory Committee (TPSAC) reported to the FDA that ''menthol cigarettes damage public health,'' and recommended that ''removal of menthol cigarettes would benefit public health in the USA'' [2]. The TPSAC report has been substantiated by ample research, suggesting that smoking menthol cigarettes is a ''gateway'' to using other tobacco products, especially during childhood and early adulthood, increases nicotine addiction, deters quitting, and promotes relapse [3,4]. Because smoking is our nation's leading cause of preventable death [5,6], any ingredient that may encourage people to take up this deadly habit or reinforce this lethal addiction should be considered a significant public health concern. However, the FDA has not yet taken regulatory steps, including imposing a ban on menthol cigarettes despite banning all the other flavored cigarettes from the US market [1]. This lack of action may, in part, be due to the absence of empirical evidence describing the health consequences of smoking menthol cigarettes relative to regular cigarettes [7,8]. Finding scientific underpinnings for the adverse health effects of smoking menthol cigarettes relative to regular cigarettes is of significance because it can help advance the FDA's mission of developing an...

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confidence: 63%

The lingering question of menthol in cigarettes

Besaratinia

Tommasi

2014

Cancer Causes Control

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“…55 During 1967During -1970, when the Fairness Doctrine antismoking messages appeared on television and radio, cessation increased for all four groups but especially for white males and females. The data in Figure 1 and many of the population-based cross-sectional studies 2,17,18,22,26,[48][49][50][51][52][53] likely reflect, at least in part, the "head start" that white males and females had in terms of quitting smoking. Among all four groups, cessation rates increased during the 1970's and 1980's, 54 which is consistent with the increasing slopes for both whites and African Americans that are seen in Figure 1.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…22,49,53,64 In cross-sectional studies, African Americans who smoked menthol cigarettes exhibited the lowest rates of abstinence compared with African Americans who smoked nonmentholated cigarettes, whites who smoked menthol brands, and whites who smoked nonmentholated brands. 22,49,64 However, other publications, not meeting the inclusion criteria for this review, found no differences in abstinence between white and African American smokers, even after controlling for menthol in the models. 65,66 In another study, African Americans who smoked mentholated brands were more likely than African Americans who smoked nonmentholated brands to intend to quit and have confidence in their ability to quit.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As shown in Figure 1 and previously by Fiore and his colleagues, 3 the percentage of ever-smokers who have quit has consistently been higher among whites than African Americans, a finding that is supported from studies in individual years. 2,17,18,22,26,[48][49][50][51][52][53] One study, 51 and an analysis presented in Table 34 of Chapter 2 of the 1998 Report of the Surgeon General, 2 indicate that the differences by race persist even after statistical adjustment was made for variables such as age, gender, and indicators of socioeconomic status (SES). Burns and his colleagues presented birth cohort analyses of whites and African Americans born during the 20th century that help explain these disparities.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Differences in Quit Attempts and Cigarette Smoking Abstinence Between Whites and African Americans in the United States: Literature Review and Results From the International Tobacco Control US Survey

Kulak¹,

Cornelius²,

Fong³

et al. 2016

NICTOB

105

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Results: Of 17 total analyses of quit attempts, nine (including the ITC US Survey) observed that African American smokers were more likely than whites to attempt to quit during a given year; seven found no differences. Whites were more likely than African Americans to be abstinent in five of six retrospective cohort analyses and in two of five considered community-and population-based cohort studies. Four of these 11 analyses, including one from the ITC US Survey, found no differences. Conclusions: Of 11 population-or community-based analyses, all seven that found significant differences indicated that whites were more likely to quit than African Americans. These findings, combined with the similar results from population-based birth cohort analyses, support the conclusion that white smokers are more likely to quit than African American smokers. Efforts to encourage and support quitting among all tobacco users remain a priority. Implications: This article provides a review of the literature on smoking cessation among African American and white smokers, and adds new analyses that compare quit attempts and abstinence between US African Americans and whites. Results demonstrate a clear distinction between the findings of cross-sectional and retrospective cohort studies with those of cohort studies. Reasons for these differences merit further study.

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“…For example, Fu and colleagues (2008) found no significant differences in 7-day point prevalence for menthol cigarette smoking (N = 1,343; odds ratio [OR] = 1.14, 95% CI = 0.85-1.53, p = .39) or ethnicity (OR = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.63-1.37, p = .713) on smoking abstinence rates. On the other hand, several studies have shown that those who smoke menthol cigarettes are less likely to quit smoking and more likely to relapse (Delnevo, Gundersen, Hrywna, Echeverria, & Steinberg, 2011;Gundersen, Delnevo, & Wackowski, 2009;Levy et al, 2011;Okuyemi et al, 2003;Okuyemi, Faseru, Cox, Bronars, & Ahluwalia, 2007). In addition, an analysis of data from the 2003 and 2006/2007 Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey found that menthol cigarette smokers were less likely to quit smoking, despite having a greater percentage of quit attempts, compared with nonmenthol cigarette smokers (Levy et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%