Smoking Associated With Damage to the Lipid Layer of the Ocular Surface

Altınörs, Dilek Dursun; Akca, S.; Akova, Yonca A.; Bilezikçi, Banu; Goto, Eiki; Doğru, Murat; Tsubota, Kazuo

doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2005.12.047

Cited by 150 publications

(130 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…38,39 It is well known that the tar and gas phases of tobacco contain many oxidizing substances exposing inhalers to an enormous free radical load. 40 Although the ocular surface is the most environmentally exposed mucosal surface of the body, including tobacco smoke exposure, only four studies in the literature reported data concerning the effects of …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

“…38,39,41,42 All four studies focused on the effects of active chronic smoking and concluded that smoking was associated with tear instability and deteriorating effects on the ocular surface health. Chronic smokers were also reported to have low corneal and conjunctival sensitivity, 39 increased conjunctival squamous metaplasia, 39 and alteration of tear proteins. 7,41,42 In our previous study, we found tear film instability and abnormal lipid layer interferometry patterns in chronic smokers attributing these changes to a possible tear film lipid layer damage.…”

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Alterations of the tear film and ocular surface health in chronic smokers

Matsumoto

Doğru

Goto

et al. 2008

Eye

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Objective To investigate the effects of chronic smoking on ocular surface and tear functions. Methods Fifteen right eyes of 15 healthy chronic smokers (9 men, 6 women; age range: 36-47 years) who smoked 20 cigarettes per day for 20 years and 20 eyes of 20 control nonsmokers (12 men, 8 women; age range: 38-43 years) were included in this prospective study. All subjects underwent measurements of breath and haemoglobin CO concentration, tear lipid layer interferometry, evaporimetry, tear film break-up time (TBUT), Schirmer's I test, corneal fluorescein staining, conjunctival impression, and brush cytology. Results The mean Hb CO level was significantly higher in smokers compared to non-smokers. TBUT was also significantly shorter in smokers. Tear lipid layer showed significant slowing in spread over the tear film with a concomitant significant increase in tear evaporation rate. Conjunctival impression cytology revealed significant loss of goblet cells and squamous metaplasia in smokers. Brush cytology showed significant conjunctival neutrophil infiltration in smoker subjects. Conclusion Chronic smoking induced distinctive quantitative and qualitative disturbances on the ocular surface health.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Alterations of the tear film and ocular surface health in chronic smokers

Matsumoto

Doğru

Goto

et al. 2008

Eye

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“…Considering the oxidising effect of radiotherapy on other lipids within the body, 24 the tear lipids, if affected similarly, would release radical oxygen species on the ocular surface, thereby destabilising the lipid layer and subsequently disrupting the balance of tear dynamics. 25 All BM transplant recipients should therefore be monitored for dry eye, irrespective of the occurrence of cGVHD.…”

Section: Lipid Layer Unstable Stablementioning

confidence: 99%

Tear physiology in dry eye associated with chronic GVHD

Khanal

Tomlinson

2011

Bone Marrow Transplant

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The purpose of this study was to compare tear physiology characteristics of chronic GVHD (cGVHD)-associated dry eye to dry eye caused by Sjogren's syndrome (SS), a extreme form of aqueous-deficient dry eye, and meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD), the major cause of evaporative dry eye. Tear turnover rate, evaporation and osmolarity along with meibomian gland dropout and lipid layer interferometric patterns were assessed in the right eyes of 12 patients with dry eye associated with cGVHD, 12 age-matched patients with SS and 12 age-sex matched subjects with MGD. In cGVHD, the decrease in tear turnover rate was similar (P ¼ 0.33), but the number of non-functioning meibomian glands was significantly higher (Po0.01) than in SS. Tear evaporation rate in cGVHD dry eye was found to be similar to that in MGD (P ¼ 0.36) and significantly higher than in SS (Po0.01). The lipid layer was most unstable in cGVHD compared with other groups. There was no variation in tear volume across all groups. Although statistical significance was not detected, the mean tear osmolarity (333.51± 14.67mOsm/L) was highest in cGVHD. Major aspects of tear physiology were severely impaired in cGVHDassociated dry eye.

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“…Chronic smoking has negative effects on the ocular surface; chronic smokers had lower Schirmer scores in the corneas [1], a higher degree of squamous metaplasia [2,3], a higher grade of lipid layer changes in tears [3], and lower tear film break-up time compared with non-smokers [1][2][3][4]. Smoking also affects tear secretion and protein components in tears [5,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Untitled

2015

AOVS

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We compared the biomechanical properties of corneas in eyes of healthy chronic smokers and non-smokers. In this prospective, comparative, and cross-sectional study, 50 eyes of 50 healthy chronic smokers (Study group) and 50 eyes of 50 agematched, healthy non-smokers (Control group) were enrolled. The corneal hysteresis (CH) and corneal resistance factor (CRF) were measured intwo groups using the Ocular Response Analyzer (ORA). Differences in the corneal biomechanical properties were determined using an independent-samples t test. Urine samples were collected to measure urinary levels of cotinine. Correlations between the number of cigarettes smoked per day, smoking duration, age, and CH-CRF values in the smokers group were also evaluated. Mean CH was 10.63±2.08 (SD) mmHg and 10.57±1.45 mmHg and the mean CRF was 10.53±1.81 mmHg and 10.27±1.77 mmHg in the smoker and control groups, respectively (p>0.05). CH and CRF were not correlated with the number of cigarettes smoked per day, smoking duration, or age. The findings indicate that cigarette smoking does not affect corneal biomechanical parameters such as CH and CRF. In addition, CH and CRF are not affected by the number of cigarettes smoked per day, smoking duration, or age. Keywords 2/4 Results and Discussion Demographic FindingsIn this study, 50 eyes of 50 healthy chronic smokers admitted to our department were included. As a control group, 50 eyes of 50 age-matched, healthy non-smokers were included. The mean ± SD age of the included subjects was 36.28±5.91 years (range 28-48) and 35.02±5.83 years (range 27-49 years) for the smokers group and the non-smokers group, respectively (p ˃0.05). On average, smokers smoked 16.70±8.00 (range 10-30) cigarettes per day and had been smoking for 12.20±3.01 (range 10-20) years.). The characteristics of the two groups of subjects are shown in (Table 1). There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups with regard to gender, AL, and CCT distributions (p˃0.05).Cotinine levels in the urine were 44.2±9.8 ng/ml in nonsmokers and 2439±451 ng/ml in smokers (p˂0.05). These data clearly indicate that the smokers were accurately selected, because the urine cotinine concentration in nonsmokers is normally below 500 ng/ml [14]. Biomechanical Parameters (CH and CRF) Urinary Cotinine ConcentrationTo distinguish objectively between smokers and nonsmokers, it was necessary to determine the level of cotinine in the urine. Cotinine, the major metabolite of nicotine, has a half life of 24 hours and is readily detectable in the smoker's urine even several days after the smoker has terminated smoking. Urine samples were collected in clean plastic containers to measure urinary levels of cotinine [11], and the basic technique used was based on spectrophotometric assessment at wavelength 532 nm. Laboratory workups were performed in the laboratory of the Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital. The influence of diuresis on urinary cotinine concentrations was corrected using the method described by T...

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Smoking Associated With Damage to the Lipid Layer of the Ocular Surface

Cited by 150 publications

References 22 publications

Alterations of the tear film and ocular surface health in chronic smokers

Alterations of the tear film and ocular surface health in chronic smokers

Tear physiology in dry eye associated with chronic GVHD

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