Smoking and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract

Cigarette smoking is a well-known risk factor in many diseases, including various kinds of cancer and cardiovascular disease. Many studies have also reported the unfavorable effects of smoking for diabetes mellitus. Smoking increases the risk of developing diabetes, and aggravates the micro- and macro-vascular complications of diabetes mellitus. Smoking is associated with insulin resistance, inflammation and dyslipidemia, but the exact mechanisms through which smoking influences diabetes mellitus are not clear. However, smoking cessation is one of the important targets for diabetes control and the prevention diabetic complications.

Tobacco use and development of diabetes: examination of the underlying mechanisms

“…For example, among some cultures and ethnic groups the obesity is considered favorable and represent prosperity, in some smoking represent social status or class etc. At physiological and biochemical levels, the literature review in the area reveals that even though smoking can cause a decrease in the body weight, is associated with central obesity and oxidative stress both of which could lead to insulin resistance through several complex metabolic mechanisms [4][5][6]. The direct effect of smoking on diabetes could be associated with inflammatory and oxidative stress along with damaging impact on the beta cells of pancreas [5].…”

“…At physiological and biochemical levels, the literature review in the area reveals that even though smoking can cause a decrease in the body weight, is associated with central obesity and oxidative stress both of which could lead to insulin resistance through several complex metabolic mechanisms [4][5][6]. The direct effect of smoking on diabetes could be associated with inflammatory and oxidative stress along with damaging impact on the beta cells of pancreas [5]. Since, smoking can lead to the central obesity [4], increased abdominal and/or body fat leads to the higher levels of inflammatory substances such as cytokines, TNF-α, IL-6, etc.…”

“…and all of these substances are associated with insulin resistance [6]. Simply, the excess abdominal fat behaves like an endocrine tissue and release all these detrimental chemicals that eventually could lead to diabetes [5,6]. It is also important to mention here that the smoking with existing diabetes can further complicate the course of the disease by its adverse effect on microvasculature [5].…”

“…Simply, the excess abdominal fat behaves like an endocrine tissue and release all these detrimental chemicals that eventually could lead to diabetes [5,6]. It is also important to mention here that the smoking with existing diabetes can further complicate the course of the disease by its adverse effect on microvasculature [5]. At the population level, the type of methodology authors used in above-mentioned papers, allow them to obtain quantitative data and fails to collect subjective aspects of the target population.…”

The HDD Study (Hypertensive, Diabetes & Dyslipidemia) -Cardiovascular Risk Factor Epidemiology in Desk Job Workers - A Preliminary Study

“…Smoking has been considered to be associated with diabetes and to predispose to diabetes related complications across studies, 25,[33][34][35] while its association with dyslipidemia and increased blood pressure has been inconclusive in literature [36][37][38][39][40] with a large scale population based, long-term follow up study reporting smoking to be an independent risk factor for CVD with clinically little effect on blood pressure and cholesterol, especially in those above 46years of age. 35 But in our study we found no significant association of smoking status with hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia.…”