Smoking and Periodontal Disease

Borojevic, Tea

doi:10.5455/msm.2012.24.274-276

Cited by 50 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 9 publications

(8 reference statements)

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“…It is also associated with immunodepressive effects due to decreased production of salivary antibodies and impaired neutrophil functioning, and an impaired buffering effect of the saliva which increases susceptibility to tooth decay (Darby & Walsh, 2010, p. 306; Voelker, Simmer‐Beck, Cole, Keeven, & Tira, 2013). Clinical studies have shown a positive correlation between smoking and periodontal disease (Bergstrom, 2014; Borojevic, 2012; Smejkalova et al, 2012) and caries rates (Aguilar‐Zinser et al, 2007; Voelker et al, 2013), although these links are also considered to be inconclusive (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2014). Additional lifestyle factors that are often socioeconomic in nature, including different eating habits and oral hygiene maintenance, have also been shown to differ substantially between smokers (including secondhand smoking) and nonsmokers (Benedetti, Campus, Strohmenger, & Lingström, 2013; Hanioka, Ojima, Tanaka, & Yamamoto, 2011; Smejkalova et al, 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dental markers of poverty: Biocultural deliberations on oral health of the poor in mid‐nineteenth‐century Ireland

Geber

Murphy²

2018

American J Phys Anthropol

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ObjectivesDespite subsisting on a low‐cariogenic diet comprising virtually nothing more than potatoes and dairy products, poor oral health affected the quality of life for the poor of nineteenth‐century Ireland. This study investigates potential biocultural reasons that may explain why this was the case.Material and MethodsA total of 6,860 teeth and 9,889 alveoli from 363 permanent dentitions from the skeletal remains of impoverished adult Irish males and females who died between 1847 and 1851 in the Kilkenny Union Workhouse were examined for evidence of dental caries, periodontal disease and ante‐mortem tooth loss. Caries rates were quantified and assessed by crude prevalence, frequencies, corrected caries rates and a t‐health index, and evaluated by sex and age groups.ResultsA higher rate of caries was present among 18–25‐year‐old males than females, while the opposite relationship was evident for older age groups. The prevalence rates of periodontal disease and ante‐mortem tooth loss increased with age. When assessed by corrected caries rates, tooth decay is observed at a lower rate compared to contemporaneous lower to upper‐class population samples from London.DiscussionDespite being low cariogenic foods, the potato starch and milk lactose of a nineteenth‐century Irish laborer's diet would have lowered oral pH‐values thereby increasing the risk of bacterial fermentation in dental plaque resulting in caries. Nutritional features alone cannot explain the high rates of dental caries observed in the Kilkenny workhouse population sample, however, and lifestyle factors, particularly habitual clay‐pipe smoking, is considered a significant cause of poor oral health.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dental markers of poverty: Biocultural deliberations on oral health of the poor in mid‐nineteenth‐century Ireland

Geber

Murphy²

2018

American J Phys Anthropol

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“…Periodontal diseases are highly prevalent inflammatory and multifactorial diseases [ 1 ]. They can affect up to 90% of the global population [ 2 ] and are a major cause of tooth loss in humans [ 1 , 3 ]. Periodontal pathogens in the subgingival biofilm are necessary to develop the illness.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The destructive processes of periodontitis are influenced by the interaction between pathogenic micro-organisms and host responses [ 4 ]. Genetic and environmental factors also have an effect on the initiation and progression of periodontal disease [ 1 , 3 - 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of KIR gene presence/absence polymorphisms on the development of periodontal disease in smokers and non-smokers

Mazurek−Mochol

Majorczyk

Banach

et al. 2017

cejoi

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IntroductionPeriodontal diseases are highly prevalent inflammatory, multifactorial diseases. Smoking is one of the most important environmental risk factors for the development and severity of periodontal disease. Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are members of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily and play an essential role in the regulation of NK cell activity, allowing natural killer (NK) cells to sense and respond to human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of KIR gene presence/absence polymorphisms on the development of periodontal disease in smokers and non-smokers.Material and methodsThis study enrolled 400 Caucasian subjects (age range 25-69 years) from the West Pomeranian region of Poland. The subjects were categorized into four subgroups (smoking and non-smoking patients with periodontal disease; smoking and non-smoking subjects without periodontal disease – control subjects).ResultsThe differences of KIR gene frequencies between non-smoking patients and non-smoking control subjects as well as smoking patients and control subjects were not statistically significant. In multivariate regression analysis advanced age of patients and smoking were independent factors associated with increased frequency of periodontal disease.ConclusionsThe results of this study suggest that the main factor associated with increased risk of periodontal disease is smoking, whereas KIR presence/absence polymorphism is not a significant factor involved in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease.

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“…[ 1 ] It has been reported that smokers have greater attachment loss, deeper probing depth, more bone loss, and a fewer teeth when compared to nonsmokers. [ 2 3 4 ] National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III done in the USA found that approximately one-half of the periodontitis cases were attributable to smokers. [ 2 ] The combination of smoking with other systemic factors such as osteoporosis in postmenopausal women had also shown to further enhance the risk of periodontal destruction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hidden truth of circulating neutrophils (polymorphonuclear neutrophil) function in periodontally healthy smoker subjects

Agarwal¹,

Baron

Mehta

2016

J Indian Soc Periodontol

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Context:Tobacco smoking is considered to be a major risk factor associated with periodontal disease. Smoking exerts a major effect on the protective elements of the immune response, resulting in an increase in the extent and severity of periodontal destruction.Aims:The aim of the present study was to assess viability and phagocytic function of neutrophils in circulating blood of the smokers and nonsmokers who are periodontally healthy.Settings and Design:Two hundred subjects in the mean range of 20–30 years of age were included in the study population. It was a retrospective study carried out for 6 months.Materials and Methods:Two hundred subjects were divided into four groups: 50 nonsmokers, 50 light smokers (<5 cigarettes/day), 50 moderate smokers (5–15 cigarettes/day), and 50 heavy smokers (>15 cigarettes/day). Full mouth plaque index, sulcus bleeding index, and probing depths were measured. Percentage viability of circulating neutrophils and average number of phagocytosed Candida albicans were recorded.Statistical Analysis Used:Means and standard deviations were calculated from data obtained within the groups. Comparison between the smokers and nonsmokers was performed by Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA analysis. Comparison between smoker groups was performed using Mann–Whitney–Wilcoxon test.Results:Percentage viability of neutrophils was significantly less in heavy smokers (66.9 ± 4.0), moderate (76.6 ± 4.2), light smokers (83.1 ± 2.5) as compared to nonsmokers (92.3 ± 2.6) (P < 0.01). The ability of neutrophils to phagocytose, i.e., mean particle number was significantly less in light smokers (3.5 ± 0.5), moderate smokers (2.3 ± 0.5), and heavy smokers (1.4 ± 0.5) compared to nonsmokers (4.9 ± 0.7) (P < 0.01) with evidence of dose-response effect.Conclusions:Smoking significantly affects neutrophils viability and phagocytic function in periodontally healthy population.

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Smoking and Periodontal Disease

Cited by 50 publications

References 9 publications

Dental markers of poverty: Biocultural deliberations on oral health of the poor in mid‐nineteenth‐century Ireland

Dental markers of poverty: Biocultural deliberations on oral health of the poor in mid‐nineteenth‐century Ireland

The influence of KIR gene presence/absence polymorphisms on the development of periodontal disease in smokers and non-smokers

Hidden truth of circulating neutrophils (polymorphonuclear neutrophil) function in periodontally healthy smoker subjects

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