Smoking and lung cancer: Risk as a function of cigarette tar content

Wilcox, Homer; Schoenberg, Janet B.; Mason, Thomas J.; Bill, Joanne; Stemhagen, Annette

doi:10.1016/0091-7435(88)90002-3

Cited by 25 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Precise details of the comparison made (e.g., only filter vs. ever plain) are shown in a footnote to the table. Table 2 similarly summarizes data relevant to the risk of lung cancer in smokers of lower tar yield versus higher tar yield cigarettes (Hammond et al, 1976;Higenbottam et al, 1982;Vutuc & Kunze, 1982, 1983Lubin et al, 1984b;Alderson et al, 1985;Garfinkel & Stellman, 1988;Gillis et al, 1988;Wilcox et al, 1988;Wynder & Kabat, 1988;Kaufman et al, 1989;Kuller et al, 1991;Sidney et al, 1993;Benhamou et al, 1994;Tang et al, 1995;Speizer et al, 1999). The comparison is of smokers in the lowest and highest tar groups reported, with precise details of the comparison made being shown in a footnote to the table.…”

Section: Data Analyzedmentioning

confidence: 94%

Does Increased Cigarette Consumption Nullify Any Reduction in Lung Cancer Risk Associated with Low-Tar Filter Cigarettes?

Sanders

2004

Inhalation Toxicology

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Epidemiological data suggest that smoking filter and lower tar cigarettes is associated with less lung cancer risk than is smoking plain and higher tar cigarettes. A recent National Cancer Institute monograph claimed these apparent benefits of lower delivery products may be illusory if relative risks are adjusted for daily consumption, and switching leads to "compensation" for reduced nicotine intake by increasing numbers of cigarettes smoked. To investigate this, we compared relative risks unadjusted and adjusted for daily cigarette consumption. Overall estimates of the filter/plain relative risk, using random-effects meta-analysis, were 0.61 (95%confidence interval 0.54 to 0.70) for unadjusted data and 0.66 (0.58 to 0.76) for adjusted data. The lower tar/higher tar relative risk was estimated as 0.60 (0.45 to 0.81) for unadjusted data and 0.73 (0.64 to 0.83) for adjusted data. The risk reductions were clearly seen regardless of gender, study location, period, or design, and when only studies providing both unadjusted and adjusted estimates were considered. Whether or not relative risk estimates are adjusted for cigarette consumption is not crucial to the conclusion of a clear advantage to filter cigarettes and tar reduction. Data on "compensation" for amount smoked were reviewed and any increase following switching to reduced-tar-yield cigarettes was shown to be quite small. Other biases in the epidemiology are also discussed, and we conclude that the apparent advantage to reduced-tar-delivery products is real and likely to be a marked underestimate of the reduction in lung cancer risk from lifetime smoking of low-tar cigarettes.

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Section: Data Analyzedmentioning

confidence: 94%

Does Increased Cigarette Consumption Nullify Any Reduction in Lung Cancer Risk Associated with Low-Tar Filter Cigarettes?

Sanders

2004

Inhalation Toxicology

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“…Most of the components are produced in an oxygen-deficient, hydrogen-rich environment and arise from pyrolysis and distillation in the region immediately behind the burning tip of the cigarette. The chemical analysis of tobacco smoke is separated into particulate or tar and gaseous phases (113,124). The curing, fermentation, and aging of smokeless tobacco products favor the formation of various N-nitrosamines from tobacco alkaloids.…”

Section: Tobacco Carcinogenesis: the Search For Genetic Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

ADVANCES IN CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY: Understanding Causal Mechanisms and the Evidence for Implementing Interventions

Schottenfeld

Beebe‐Dimmer

2005

Annu. Rev. Public Health

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■ Abstract In a worldwide population of 6 billion, in the year 2000, approximately 10 million cancers were diagnosed, and there were an estimated 6.2 million cancer deaths. Whereas the universality of cancer incidence and mortality is established, the burden of cancer by type or organ site is distributed unequally between developing and industrialized nations. Populations in developing countries are disproportionately affected by cancers in which infectious agents are causal. Our review of advances in cancer epidemiology underscores the complexity of pathogenic mechanisms mediated by chronic inflammation, obesity, and gene-environment interactions as in tobacco and alcohol carcinogenesis. Ultimately, the implementation of effective cancer control interventions that will serve to alleviate the cancer burden must integrate basic and applied research in the behavioral, social, biomedical, and population sciences.

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“…The earlier studies were based on patient populations whose lifetime smoking histories were dominated by nonfilter cigarettes that had significantly higher "tar" emissions than those commonly smoked during recent decades 13. However, studies of lung carcinoma patients diagnosed during the past 10‐15 years have failed to consistently show a "protective" effect of filters 16‐19. That the incidence of adenocarcinoma (AC) has been increasing much more rapidly than that of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in men and women in the U.S.,20 even while "tar" and nicotine yields were declining, suggests the need to examine the risk for lung carcinoma by histologic type in relation to long term use of nonfilter and filter cigarettes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…13 However, Because OR estimates for the two histologic outcomes were based on a common set of control pa-studies of lung carcinoma patients diagnosed during the past 10 -15 years have failed to consistently show tients, it is inappropriate to use confidence intervals to test whether the ORs for persons with the same a ''protective'' effect of filters. [16][17][18][19] That the incidence of adenocarcinoma (AC) has been increasing much filter usage history (e.g., lifetime filter cigarette smokers) differ by histologic type. Wald's chi-square statis-more rapidly than that of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in men and women in the U.S., 20 even while tic was used to test differences between the regression parameters, utilizing the variance-covariance matrix ''tar'' and nicotine yields were declining, suggests the need to examine the risk for lung carcinoma by histo-obtained from a polytomous logistic regression model.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk of squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the lung in relation to lifetime filter cigarette smoking

Stellman

Muscat

Thompson

et al. 1997

Cancer

157

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Smoking and lung cancer: Risk as a function of cigarette tar content

Cited by 25 publications

References 20 publications

Does Increased Cigarette Consumption Nullify Any Reduction in Lung Cancer Risk Associated with Low-Tar Filter Cigarettes?

Does Increased Cigarette Consumption Nullify Any Reduction in Lung Cancer Risk Associated with Low-Tar Filter Cigarettes?

ADVANCES IN CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY: Understanding Causal Mechanisms and the Evidence for Implementing Interventions

Risk of squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the lung in relation to lifetime filter cigarette smoking

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