Smoking and Cancer Screening for Women Ages 42–75: Associations in the 1990–1994 National Health Interview Surveys

Rakowski, William; Clark, Melissa A.; Ehrich, Beverly

doi:10.1006/pmed.1999.0578

Cited by 61 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…However, this behavioral indicator needs to be further investigated as a barrier to cervical cancer screening. 9 Another point must be highlighted: the coverage rates of Pap test in both cities were similar and did not show a statistically signifi cant difference. In regard to the predictive variables, both cities studied had distinct distributions: Rio de Janeiro had older women with higher income and education, higher coverage of mammography, blood glucose and cholesterol testing, which may be explained by high insurance coverage in the city.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Factors related to inadequate cervical cancer screening in two Brazilian state capitals

2009

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METHODS:Population-based cross-sectional study with self-weighted two-stage cluster sampling conducted in the cities of Fortaleza (Northeastern Brazil) and Rio de Janeiro (Southeastern Brazil) in 2002. Subjects were women aged 25-59 years in the last three years prior to the study. Data were analyzed through Poisson regression using a hierarchical model. RESULTS:The proportion of women who did not undergo the Pap smear test in Fortaleza and Rio de Janeiro was 19.1% (95% CI: 16.1;22.1) and 16.5% (95% CI: 14.1;18.9), respectively. Higher prevalence ratios of cervical cancer screening failure in both cities were seen among women with low education and low per capita income, old age, unmarried, who never underwent mammography, clinical breast examination, and blood glucose and cholesterol level testing. Smokers also had lower screening rates compared to non-smoker women and this difference was only statistically signifi cant in Rio de Janeiro. CONCLUSIONS:The study fi ndings point to the need of intervention focusing particularly women in worse socioeconomic conditions and access to healthcare, old-aged and unmarried. Education activities must prioritize screening of asymptomatic women and early diagnosis for symptomatic women and access to adequate diagnostic methods and treatment should be provided.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Factors related to inadequate cervical cancer screening in two Brazilian state capitals

2009

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“…One researcher concluded that HRBs demonstrated a low level of stability over a 16-year period during young adulthood (Mechanic, 1979). Others report that certain HRBs were relatively stable over a 1-year period for midlife and older women (Rakowski et al, 1999). While there is a large difference in the duration for which stability was measured, neither study provided a theory underlying the stability or change in HRBs.…”

Section: Stability and Change In Health-related Behaviorsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Current smoking is associated with lower rates of mammography and cervical screening in midlife women (Amonkar & Madhavan, 2002;Fredman et al, 1999;Rakowski, Clark, & Ehrich, 1999). Former smokers are more likely to have had a mammogram when compared with nonsmokers, however, and women who smoked were more likely to drink alcohol (Rakowski et al, 1999).…”

Section: Health-related Behaviorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stability and Change in Health-Related Behaviors of Midlife Swedish Women

Benzies

Wångby

Bergman

2008

Health Care for Women International

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We investigated the dimensions and stability in health-related behaviors (HRBs) among midlife Swedish women, and the factors that predicted change in those behaviors. At age 43, 569 women from a representative longitudinal sample completed questionnaires about lifestyle (diet, exercise, smoking, alcohol) and participated in medical screening. Four years later we mailed a follow-up questionnaire. HRBs clustered in two dimensions: healthy eating and addictions. There was a high degree of stability in HRBs; all women slightly increased their HRBs over time. After controlling for previous HRBs, we found that education, marital status, and having children at home were significant predictors of HRBs 4 years later.

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“…The smoking measure included both current and former smoking, and current smokers may have lower Pap utilization while former smokers may have higher Pap utilization compared to never smokers. 25 Future assessment of the relationship of current/recent smoking and sexual violence with Pap utilization among FTMs is important, as studies show a high prevalence of both in transgender communities 1,2,13,26 and each has been independently associated with reduced screening and increased cervical cytologic abnormalities in non-transgender women. 27,28 There were limitations to this cross-sectional study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%