Smoking, alcohol, dentition and diet in the epidemiology of oral cancer

Marshall, James R.; Graham, Saxon; Haughey, Brenda P.; Shedd, Donald P.; O’Shea, Robert M.; Brasure, John; Wilkinson, Gregg S.; West, Dee W.

doi:10.1016/0964-1955(92)90005-l

Cited by 226 publications

(178 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…21,22 Thus, the finding that whole grain and other plant foods are inversely related to the incidence of upper aerodigestive cancer suggests many possible avenues for research into cancer mechanisms. As in other studies, [23][24][25][26][27] we found that cigarette smoking was strongly positively associated with upper aerodigestive tract cancers. In our study, alcohol use was positively associated with upper aerodigestive cancers but lost statistical significance after adjustment for age, smoking and dietary factors.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Dietary risk factors for upper aerodigestive tract cancers

Kasum

Jacobs

Nicodemus

et al. 2002

Intl Journal of Cancer

112

103

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We examined the association between whole-grain intake and incident upper aerodigestive tract cancer in a cohort of 34,651 postmenopausal, initially cancer-free women. We also studied established risk factors for upper aerodigestive cancers, including fruit and vegetable intake, smoking and alcohol intake. A mailed questionnaire at baseline in 1986 included a food-frequency questionnaire and assessment of other cancer risk factors. During the 14-year follow-up period, 169 Studies that have considered the role of dietary factors with regard to cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract have generally reported inverse associations with intake of fruit and vegetables, 1-7 and whole grains. 8,9 Several studies support the idea that wholegrain intake is associated with reduced risk of gastric cancers. 10 Studies that included grain fiber as a predictor 11,12 further bolster the idea that whole grain may protect against upper aerodigestive tract cancers. Previous studies of upper aerodigestive cancers have been case-control in design and, therefore, potentially subject to recall bias.The mechanism of the apparent protective effect of fruits, vegetables and whole grains against upper aerodigestive cancers remains unclear. It may be a result of their fiber content, antioxidant content or some other phytochemicals. Clarification of the protective mechanisms of fruits, vegetables and whole grains is important to our understanding of cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract. In an analysis of the Iowa Women's Health Study (IWHS), a prospective cohort study of initially 55-to 69-year old women living in Iowa, Zheng et al. 13 reported lower dietary intake of yellow/orange vegetables and of carotene, vitamins C and E and retinol in the 59 women who developed upper digestive tract cancers between 1986 and 1992.Our primary focus was to study whether, after 14 years of follow-up in the IWHS, whole-grain intake is related to reduced risk of upper aerodigestive tract cancers. At the same time, we reviewed evidence for the established lifestyle risk factors: low fruit and vegetable intake, smoking and alcohol intake. To address potential mechanisms, we considered the roles of fiber and specific micronutrients in the risk of upper digestive tract neoplasms. MATERIAL AND METHODSA detailed description of the methodology of the IWHS has been published elsewhere. 14 Briefly, participants in the IWHS were a random sample of women aged 55-69 years from the 1985 Iowa driver's license list. A total of 41,836 women responded to a mail survey in January 1986 (42.7% response rate). Using information from the driver's license list and the 1980 U.S. census, it was determined that responders were about 3 months older than nonresponders, 0.4 kg/m 2 lighter and slightly more likely to live in rural, less affluent counties. Nonresponders had somewhat higher rates of smoking-related diseases. 14 Women were excluded from the analysis if they left 30 or more items blank on the foodfrequency questionnaire or reported implausibly high or low energy intak...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Dietary risk factors for upper aerodigestive tract cancers

Kasum

Jacobs

Nicodemus

et al. 2002

Intl Journal of Cancer

112

103

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“…cavity and pharynx (World Cancer Research Fund, 1997). Not only are studies relatively few, but, with some exceptions (McLaughlin et al, 1988;Marshall et al, 1982Marshall et al, , 1992, they have been relatively small and based on simplified dietary questionnaires which have not allowed an accurate assessment of fat intake patterns or adjustment for total energy intake. Our study was carried out in a southern European population where: (1) the risk of cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx is relatively high ; (2) pharynx is over-represented in comparison with most published series (McLaughlin et al, 1988); and (3) broad ranges of intake of olive oil and alcoholic beverages exist.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Food groups, oils and butter, and cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx

et al. 1999

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To elucidate the role of dietary habits, a study was carried out in 1992–1997 in the province of Pordenone in Northeastern Italy, and those of Rome and Latina in central Italy. Cases were 512 men and 86 women with cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx (lip, salivary glands and nasopharynx excluded) and controls were 1008 men and 483 women who had been admitted to local hospitals for a broad range of acute non-neoplastic conditions. The validated dietary section of the questionnaire included 78 foods or recipes and ten questions on fat intake patterns. After allowance for education, smoking, alcohol and total energy intake, significant trends of increasing risk with increasing intake emerged for soups, eggs, processed meats, cakes and desserts, and butter. Risk was approximately halved in the highest compared to the lowest intake quintile for coffee and tea, white bread, poultry, fish, raw and cooked vegetables, citrus fruit, and olive oil. The inverse association with oils, especially olive oil, was only slightly attenuated by allowance for vegetable intake. Thus, frequent consumption of vegetables, citrus fruit, fish and vegetable oils were the major features of a low-risk diet for cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx. © 1999 Cancer Research Campaign

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“…17 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 Cui et al 18 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 Dikshit and Kanhere 19 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 Elahi et al 20 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 Elwood et al 21 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 Franceschi et al 22 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 Franceschi et al 23 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 Franco et al 24 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 Greenberg et al 25 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 Guneri et al 26 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 Hashibe et al 27 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 Hayes et al 28 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 Herrero et al 29 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 Kabat et al 30 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 Ko et al 31 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 Levi et al 32 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 Llewellyn et al 33 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 Llewellyn et al 34 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 Lu et al 35 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 Maden et al 36 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 Marshall et al 37 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 Mashberg et al 38 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 Merchant et al 39 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 Merletti et al 40 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 Moreno-Lopez et al 41 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 Muscat et al 42 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 Nandakumar et al 43 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 Olshan et al 44 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 Pacella-Norman 45 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 Rao et al 46 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 Rogers et al 47 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 Rosenquist 48 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 Schwartz et al 49 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 Smith et al 50 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 Toporcov et al 51 1 53 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 Zheng et al 54 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 Znaor et al 55 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 A: Expli...…”

Section: Study Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Socioeconomic inequalities and oral cancer risk: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of case‐control studies

Conway

Petticrew

Marlborough³

et al. 2008

Intl Journal of Cancer

325

221

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There is uncertainty and limited recognition of the relationship between socioeconomic inequalities and oral cancer. We aimed to quantitatively assess the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and oral cancer incidence risk. A systematic review of casecontrol studies obtained published and unpublished estimates of the SES risk related to oral cancer. Studies were included which reported odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% CIs of oral cancer with respect to SES, or if the estimates could be calculated or obtained. Meta-analyses were performed on subgroups: SES measure, age, sex, global region, development level, time-period and lifestyle factor adjustments; while sensitivity analyses were conducted based on study methodological issues. Forty-one studies provided 15,344 cases and 33,852 controls which met our inclusion criteria. Compared with individuals who were in high SES strata, the pooled ORs for the risk of developing oral cancer were 1.85 (95%CI 1.60, 2.15; n 5 37 studies) for those with low educational attainment; 1.84 (1.47, 2.31; n 5 14) for those with low occupational social class; and 2.41 (1.59, 3.65; n 5 5) for those with low income. Subgroup analyses showed that low SES was significantly associated with increased oral cancer risk in high and lower income-countries, across the world, and remained when adjusting for potential behavioural confounders. Inequalities persist but are perhaps reducing over recent decades. Oral cancer risk associated with low SES is significant and comparable to lifestyle risk factors. Our results provide evidence to steer health policy which focus on lifestyles factors toward an integrated approach incorporating measures designed to tackle the root causes of disadvantage. ' 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Key words: meta-analysis; oral cancer; SES; socioeconomic status; systematic review In 2000, oral cancer (ICD-10 C00-06) was estimated to be the 8th most common cancer worldwide-with an estimated 267,000 new cases and 128,000 deaths, and with the greatest burden in developing countries. 1 Despite a wealth of literature on the effects of poverty and inequality on health, 2 the effect of socioeconomic circumstances on oral cancer is given little recognition in a predominant medical model approach to research and prevention on the risks of the disease. 3 Recent published work on the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and oral cancer has mainly been in the form of descriptive epidemiology studies linking routine registry data to census data. From such studies, increased risk of oral cancer appears associated with high levels of area-based socioeconomic deprivation, 4,5 although this was not reflected in a review of incidence studies from across the world which utilised mainly individual measures of SES. 6 Area-based measures are liable to the 'ecological fallacyÕ whereby individuals are allocated SES based on their area of residence. The few analytical studies to focus on SES have also been equivocal, and socioeconomic correlates have recently been found to be c...

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Smoking, alcohol, dentition and diet in the epidemiology of oral cancer

Cited by 226 publications

References 20 publications

Dietary risk factors for upper aerodigestive tract cancers

Dietary risk factors for upper aerodigestive tract cancers

Food groups, oils and butter, and cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx

Socioeconomic inequalities and oral cancer risk: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of case‐control studies

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