Smokers' physical activity and weight gain one year after a successful versus unsuccessful quit attempt

Gennuso, Keith P.; Thraen-Borowski, Keith M.; Schlam, Tanya R.; LaRowe, Tara L.; Fiore, Michael C.; Baker, Timothy B.; Colbert, Lisa H.

doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.07.040

Cited by 15 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Although nicotine is the major addictive substance in tobacco smoke, our results show that cadmium participates in the change in caloric intake that affect weight and energy expenditure (Figures 1 and 2 ). Our findings show that nicotine use increased the body weight and calorie intake in female adolescent mice; contrary to the idea that nicotine in tobacco is responsible for the weight loss seen in smokers [ 39 , 40 ]. In addition, our results prove that a combination of nicotine and cadmium might be responsible for the weight loss associated with tobacco smoke as shown in Figures 1 and 2 (nicotine-cadmium treatment).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Cadmium Increases the Sensitivity of Adolescent Female Mice to Nicotine-Related Behavioral Deficits

Adeniyi

Olatunji

Ishola

et al. 2014

Behavioural Neurology

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This study investigates spatial and nonspatial working memory, anxiety related behavior, and motor activities in cadmium and/or nicotine exposed female adolescent mice. P28 female adolescent mice (albino strain) were divided into four groups of five (n = 5) mice each. A set of mice (Nic) received subcutaneous nicotine (2.0 mg/kg) while a separate set (Cd) was treated with 2.0 mg/kg cadmium (subcutaneous). For the combined treatments of cadmium and nicotine, we administered 2.0 mg/kg Nicotine and 2.0 mg/kg of Cd. Subsequently, a separate group of animals (n = 5; control) received normal saline. The total duration of treatment for all groups was 28 days (P28–P56). At P56, the treatment was discontinued, after which the animals were examined in behavioural tests. Nicotine and cadmium increased the metabolism and food intake in the female adolescent mice. This also corresponded to an increase in weight when compared with the control. However, a combined nicotine-cadmium treatment induced a decline in weight of the animals versus the control. Also, nicotine administration increased the motor function, while cadmium and nicotine-cadmium treatment caused a decline in motor activity. Both nicotine and cadmium induced a reduction in memory index; however, nicotine-cadmium treatment induced the most significant decrease in nonspatial working memory.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Cadmium Increases the Sensitivity of Adolescent Female Mice to Nicotine-Related Behavioral Deficits

Adeniyi

Olatunji

Ishola

et al. 2014

Behavioural Neurology

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“…Weight gain after quitting smoking does not appear to be easily explained by changes in energy intake and alcohol consumption , but the magnitude of weight gain has been reported to be somewhat lower among quitters who maintained or increased their physical activity compared with quitters who either decreased their physical activity or remained sedentary . Notably, the amount of weight gain following smoking cessation appears influenced not only by nicotine intake but also by the level of physical activity that a smoker engages in while smoking .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The association between quitting smoking and weight gain: a systemic review and meta‐analysis of prospective cohort studies

et al. 2015

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This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to quantify weight gain after smoking cessation and the difference in weight gain between quitters and continuing smokers. Five electronic databases were searched before January 2015. Population-based prospective cohort studies were included if they recorded the weight change of adult smokers from baseline (before smoking cessation) to follow-up (at least 3 months after cessation). Thirty-five cohort studies were identified, including 63,403 quitters and 388,432 continuing smokers. The mean weight gain was 4.10 kg (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.69, 5.51) and body mass index (BMI) gain was 1.14 kg m(-2) (95% CI: 0.50, 1.79) among quitters. Compared with continuing smoking, quitting smoking was significantly associated with absolute weight (adjusted mean difference [MD]: 2.61 kg; 95% CI: 1.61, 3.60) and BMI gain (adjusted MD: 0.63 kg m(-2) ; 95% CI: 0.46, 0.80). Subgroup analyses using geographic region found that the difference in weight gain was considerably greater in studies from North America than from Asia. Follow-up length was identified as a source of heterogeneity, such that studies with longer follow-up showed greater difference in weight gain. Effective strategies are needed to encourage smokers to quit irrespective of potential weight gain and to help quitters avoid excess weight gain.

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“…Randomized clinical trials of smoking cessation have only studied short-term weight gain (4 to 5 kg in the first year following smoking cessation) and have been mostly conducted on smokers seeking professional assistance for cessation [10-12]. Thus the results may not be generalizable to the majority of smokers, many of whom quit by themselves [13,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smoking cessation and long-term weight gain in the Framingham Heart Study: an application of the parametric g-formula for a continuous outcome

et al. 2016

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Weight gain after smoking cessation can lessen the health benefits of, and reduce the incentives for, quitting smoking. Randomized clinical trials of smoking cessation have estimated this weight gain only over short periods of follow-up. We provide an estimate of long-term post-cessation weight gain in the Framingham Heart Study, a prospective observational study. We identified 2001 smokers free of diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease in 1952. Using the parametric g-formula we estimated mean weight in 1972 if all smokers had quit at baseline versus if all had continued smoking. Our estimates were adjusted for demographic, socio-economic, and clinical factors at baseline and during follow-up. The estimated mean weight (95% CI) at 20-years if all smokers had quit smoking was 75.2 kg (73.5, 76.6), compared with 70.2 kg (68.7, 71.8) if they had smoked 20 cigarettes/day and 73.4 kg (71.9, 74.6) if they had smoked 5 cigarettes/day (i.e. an estimated mean weight gain of 5.1 kg (3.1, 6.6) and 1.8 kg (0.8, 2.8), respectively). Smokers who were overweight or obese at baseline had a greater post-cessation weight gain on average. Our estimates suggest that smoking cessation can result in increases in body weight over 20 years. While the benefits of smoking cessation outweigh the risks due to post-cessation weight gain, our results highlight the need for long-term weight management interventions in combination with smoking cessation.

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Smokers' physical activity and weight gain one year after a successful versus unsuccessful quit attempt

Cited by 15 publications

References 27 publications

Cadmium Increases the Sensitivity of Adolescent Female Mice to Nicotine-Related Behavioral Deficits

Cadmium Increases the Sensitivity of Adolescent Female Mice to Nicotine-Related Behavioral Deficits

The association between quitting smoking and weight gain: a systemic review and meta‐analysis of prospective cohort studies

Smoking cessation and long-term weight gain in the Framingham Heart Study: an application of the parametric g-formula for a continuous outcome

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