Smokers Are Extraverted in Japan: Smoking Habit and The Big Five Personality Traits

Abe, Shingo; Oshio, Atsushi; Kawamoto, Tetsuya; Ito, Hiroyuki; Hirashima, Taro; Tsubota, Yuki; Tani, Iori

doi:10.1177/2158244019859956

Cited by 13 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(31 reference statements)

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“…As noted earlier, a handful of prior studies based on East Asian populations proved inconclusive (Abe et al, 2019; Iwasa et al, 2008; Shim et al, 2014; Sutin et al, 2015). Moreover, none of these studies tested biomarkers of inflammation or cardiovascular malfunction.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…However, this same association has not been observed in another study based on larger samples of Chinese, Japanese, and Taiwanese (Sutin et al, 2015). Another study showed that conscientiousness is associated with reduced smoking in Japanese (Abe et al, 2019), but this study did not test other health-relevant behaviors. One study by Iwasa et al (2008) showed that mortality rate is lower for those high in conscientiousness in a community sample of Japanese.…”

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confidence: 90%

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Is Conscientiousness Always Associated With Better Health? A U.S.–Japan Cross-Cultural Examination of Biological Health Risk

Kitayama

Park

2020

Pers Soc Psychol Bull

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In Western societies, conscientiousness is associated with better health. Here, we tested whether this pattern would extend to East Asian, collectivistic societies. In these societies, social obligation motivated by conscientiousness could be excessive and thus health-impairing. We tested this prediction using cross-cultural surveys of Americans ( N = 1,054) and Japanese ( N = 382). Biomarkers of inflammation (interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein) and cardiovascular malfunction (systolic blood pressure and total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio) were adopted to define biological health risk (BHR). Among Americans, conscientiousness was associated with lower BHR. Moreover, this relationship was mediated by healthy lifestyle. In contrast, among Japanese, the relationship between conscientiousness and BHR was not significant. Further analysis revealed, however, that conscientiousness was associated with a greater commitment to social obligation, which in turn predicted higher BHR. These findings suggest that conscientiousness may or may not be salubrious, depending on health implications of normatively sanctioned behaviors in varying cultures.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

mentioning

confidence: 90%

Is Conscientiousness Always Associated With Better Health? A U.S.–Japan Cross-Cultural Examination of Biological Health Risk

Kitayama

Park

2020

Pers Soc Psychol Bull

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“…Specifically, the factors of conscientiousness and neuroticism are frequently associated with risk-averse preferences [59], and extraversion is most consistently associated with risk-seeking preferences [59,60]. For example, in everyday life, extraversion is a predictor of a variety of risky behaviours, including participation in risky sports [61], involvement in traffic collisions [62], smoking [63] and financial debt [64]. Furthermore, the influence of the big five personality factors has also been explored within the context of problem gambling.…”

Section: The Role Of Personalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Problem Gambling ‘Fuelled on the Fly’

Teal

Kusev

Heilman

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Problem gambling is a gambling disorder often described as continued gambling in the face of increasing losses. In this article, we explored problem gambling behaviour and its psychological determinants. We considered the assumption of stability in risky preferences, anticipated by both normative and descriptive theories of decision making, as well as recent evidence that risk preferences are in fact ‘constructed on the fly’ during risk elicitation. Accordingly, we argue that problem gambling is a multifaceted disorder, which is ‘fueled on the fly’ by a wide range of contextual and non-contextual influences, including individual differences in personality traits, hormonal and emotional activations. We have proposed that the experience of gambling behaviour in itself is a dynamic experience of events in time series, where gamblers anchor on the most recent event—typically a small loss or rare win. This is a highly adaptive, but erroneous, decision-making mechanism, where anchoring on the most recent event alters the psychological representations of substantial and accumulated loss in the past to a representation of negligible loss. In other words, people feel better while they gamble. We conclude that problem gambling researchers and policy makers will need to employ multifaceted and holistic approaches to understand problem gambling.

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“…However, the generalizability of the conscientiousness-health link is an open question because evidence for the association comes mostly from Western, individualistic societies, which are known to emphasize the importance of personal choice (Ando et al, 2007;Gelfand et al, 2011). Although evidence exists, there are relatively few studies from collectivistic societies (Yoshimura, 2000;Leung et al, 2013;Abe et al, 2019), which attach more importance to groups and societal values (Gelfand et al, 2011). The association between conscientiousness and risky health behaviors might be attenuated if the behavior itself is considered less socially deviant (Bogg and Roberts, 2004).…”

Section: Conscientiousness and Smokingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conscientiousness and Smoking: Do Cultural Context and Gender Matter?

2020

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Prior studies have found that conscientiousness has a protective effect against smoking, but evidence for this relationship mostly comes from Western contexts. In societies where smoking is pervasive and less stigmatized, the protective effect of conscientiousness on smoking may be less evident. Moreover, whether smoking is viewed as normal or deviant also may vary by gender norms attached to smoking. Using surveys of Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS) and Japan (MIDJA), we examined patterns in the association between conscientiousness and smoking status (never, former, current) for men and women. We found that in the United States, where the social unacceptability of smoking has dramatically increased, there is an inverse association between conscientiousness and smoking status for both genders. In Japan, where the stigma attached to smoking operates for women but not men, the association between conscientiousness and smoking status varies by gender. For Japanese men, levels of conscientiousness do not differ across smoking statuses. For Japanese women, those who formerly smoked show lower levels of conscientiousness than those who never smoked and those who currently smoke. We interpret these findings in light of differing cultural and historical backgrounds of smoking for men and women.

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Smokers Are Extraverted in Japan: Smoking Habit and The Big Five Personality Traits

Cited by 13 publications

References 22 publications

Is Conscientiousness Always Associated With Better Health? A U.S.–Japan Cross-Cultural Examination of Biological Health Risk

Is Conscientiousness Always Associated With Better Health? A U.S.–Japan Cross-Cultural Examination of Biological Health Risk

Problem Gambling ‘Fuelled on the Fly’

Conscientiousness and Smoking: Do Cultural Context and Gender Matter?

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