Smokeless Biomass Pyrolysis for Producing Biofuels and Biochar as a Possible Arsenal to Control Climate Change

Lee, James W.; Day, Danny

doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3348-4_3

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 21 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Consideration of potential was limited as biochar is not included in IAMs. The SRCCL estimated mitigation potential of 0.03-6.6 GtCO 2 -eq yr -1 by 2050 based on studies with widely varying assumptions, definitions of potential, and scope of mitigation processes included (SRCCL, Chapters 2 and 4: (Roberts et al 2010;Pratt and Moran 2010;Hristov et al 2013;Lee and Day 2013;Dickie et al 2014a;Hawken 2017;Fuss et al 2018;Powell and Lenton 2012;Woolf et al 2010).…”

Section: Biocharmentioning

confidence: 99%

Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Uses (AFOLU)

2023

Climate Change 2022 - Mitigation of Climate Change

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Chapter 7 Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Uses (AFOLU) CH 4 MtCH 4 yr -1 157.0 ± 47.1 c 207.5 ± 62.2 364.4 ± 109.3 -iGtCO 2 -eq yr -1 4.2 ± 1.3 g 5.9 ± 1.8 10.2 ± 3.0 41%N 2 O MtN 2 O yr -1 6.6 ± 4.0 c 2.8 ± 1.7 9.4 ± 5.6GtCO 2 -eq yr -1 1.8 ± 1.1 g 0.8 ± 0.5 2.6 ± 1.5 69% Total jGtCO 2 -eq yr -111.9 ± 4.4 (CO 2 component based on book-keeping models, managed soils and pasture) 44 ± 3.4 55.9 ± 6.1 21% a Estimates are given until 2019 as this is the latest date when data are available for all gases, consistent with Chapter 2, this report. Positive fluxes are emission from land to the atmosphere. Negative fluxes are removals. b Net anthropogenic flux of CO 2 are due to land-use change such as deforestation and afforestation and land management, including wood harvest and regrowth, peatland drainage and fires, cropland and grassland management. Average of three bookkeeping models (Hansis et al. 2015; Houghton and Nassikas 2017; Gasser et al. 2020), complemented by data on peatland drainage and fires from FAOSTAT (Prosperi et al. 2020) and GFED4s (van der Werf et al. 2017). Bookkeeping based CO 2 -LULUCF emissions (5.7±4.0) are consistent with AR6 WGI and Chapter 2 of this report. The value of 5.9(±4.1) includes CO 2 emissions from urea application to managed soils and pasture. Comparisons with other estimates are discussed in 7.2.2. Based on NGHGIs and FAOSTAT, the range is 0 to 0.8 GtCO 2 yr -1 . c CH 4 and N 2 O emission estimates and assessed uncertainty of 30 and 60% respectively, are based on Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) data (Crippa et al. 2021) in accordance with Chapter 2, this report (Sections 2.2.1.3 and 2.2.1.4). Both FAOSTAT (Tubiello 2019; USEPA 2019; FAO 2021a) and the USA EPA (USEPA 2019) also provide data on agricultural non-CO 2 emissions, however, mean global CH 4 and N 2 O values considering the three databases are within the uncertainty bounds of EDGAR. EDGAR only considers agricultural and not overall AFOLU non-CO 2 emissions. Agriculture is estimated to account for approximately 89 and 96% of total AFOLU CH 4 and N 2 O emissions respectively. See Section 7.2.3 for further discussion.d Total non-AFOLU emissions are the sum of total CO 2 -eq emissions values for energy, industrial sources, waste and other emissions with data from the Global Carbon Project for CO 2 , including international aviation and shipping, and from the PRIMAP database for CH 4 and N 2 O averaged over 2007-2014, as that was the period for which data were available. e The modelled CO 2 estimates include natural processes in vegetation and soils and how they respond to both natural climate variability and to human-induced environmental changes, for example, the response of vegetation and soils to environmental changes such as increasing atmospheric CO 2 concentration, nitrogen deposition, and climate change (indirect anthropogenic effects) on both managed and unmanaged lands. The estimate shown represents the average from 17 Dynamic Global Vegetation Models with 1SD uncertainty (Friedlingstei...

show abstract

Section: Biocharmentioning

confidence: 99%

Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Uses (AFOLU)

2023

Climate Change 2022 - Mitigation of Climate Change

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Biochar, a carbon rich solid material from the pyrolysis of biomass, has gained significant interest worldwide for its potential use as both a carbon sequestration technique and soil amendment. 1 Its positive effects on soil quality and crop yields have proven to be significant, but its potential impacts on other aspects of the environment, specifically its effects on seed germination, 2 soil microbes, 3 and aquatic microorganisms, 4,5 have yet to be fully investigated. Previous studies related to negative effects have been associated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 6,7 while others have studied potentially toxic elements (PTE) and found no correlation and high variability between biochar samples.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation into the Sources of Biochar Water-Soluble Organic Compounds and Their Potential Toxicity on Aquatic Microorganisms

Smith

Hatcher

Kumar

et al. 2016

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

104

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

During biochar production, a number of pyrolysis intermediates recondense on the surface of biochar where potentially they may play an interesting role in soil and freshwater environments. This study investigated the sources of biochar water-soluble organic compounds (WSOC) as a function of biomass materials including cellulose and lignin and also as a function of pyrolysis temperature from 300 to 500°C in relation to their potential toxicity to freshwater blue-green algae, Synechococcus. The amount of WSOC extracted from biochar, irrespective of biomass starting material, decreased significantly as a function of pyrolysis temperature. For biochars produced at pyrolysis temperatures below 400 °C, algal bioassays and advanced mass spectrometry analyses revealed that toxic WSOC extracted from pinewood-derived biochar was most likely due to mono-, di-, and trisubstituted phenolic compounds derived from lignin, while toxic WSOC extracted from cellulose-derived biochar was acidic and bio-oil like in nature. For pinewood biochar produced at temperatures above 400 °C, WSOC contained small to nondetectable (500 °C) amounts of phenolic compounds and decreased from 664.5 ± 6.2 mg DOC/kg biochar (300 °C) to 75.39 ± 0.42 mg DOC/kg biochar (500 °C) with no observable toxicity on blue-green algae growth. Additionally, this study investigated toxicity caused by an imperfect reactor condition, such as the presence of cold spots and insufficient evacuation of pyrolysis intermediates, leading to a significant amount of toxic WSOC.

show abstract

“…Among these, the approach of using advanced biomass pyrolysis with reduced emissions to produce biochar soil amendments, in addition to biosyngas and biofuels, appears to be a particularly promising pathway to sustainability. The central idea is that biochar, produced cleanly and sustainably by pyrolysis of biomass wastes and used as a soil amendment, would “lock up” biomass carbon in a form that can persist in soils for hundreds to thousands of years, while at the same time helping to retain nutrients in soils and reduce the runoff of agricultural chemicals . This approach is receiving increased worldwide attention. − Globally, each year about 6.6 gigatons (Gt) of dry matter biomass (e.g., crop stovers, dead leaves, waste woods, and rice straws) are produced but not effectively utilized .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Impact of Biochar Water-Extractable Substances on Environmental Sustainability

Smith

Buzan

Lee

2012

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Application of biochar as a soil amendment could be a significant approach for carbon sequestration to possibly control climate change for energy and environmental sustainability. However, more studies are needed in a number of research areas, including the development of clean biochar materials free of any harmful substances, before this approach could be implemented at a global scale. In this study, biochar water-extractable substances were tested for their potential harmful effects on the growth of aquatic photosynthetic microorganisms including both blue−green alga (cyanobacteria Synechococcus) and eukaryotic green alga (Desmodesmus) that represent the primary photosynthetic producers of the aquatic environment. The water extracts from three different biomass-derived biochar materials varied widely in their dissolved organic and inorganic contents, as well as in their characteristics including their pH values. Bioassays with pinewood-derived biochar water extract showed a significant inhibitory effect on aquatic photosynthetic microorganism growth in a dose-dependent manner, while chicken litter and peanut shell-derived biochar water extracts showed no signs of growth inhibition. The pinewood-derived biochar water-extracted substances were further separated into three fractions based on their molecular sizes and electric charges through an electrodialysis separation process using a cellulose− acetate membrane with a 500-delta cutoff pore size. Our analysis showed that the active component of pinewood-derived biochar water-extracted substances that are toxic to both blue−green alga (cyanobacteria Synechococcus) and eukaryotic green alga (Desmodesmus) is likely a 500-delta (or smaller) organic chemical species that carries at least one carboxyl group. This finding is important to engineering a high-tech biochar that can be free of any undesirable substances for its soil applications toward agricultural and environmental sustainability.

show abstract

Smokeless Biomass Pyrolysis for Producing Biofuels and Biochar as a Possible Arsenal to Control Climate Change

Cited by 6 publications

References 21 publications

Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Uses (AFOLU)

Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Uses (AFOLU)

Investigation into the Sources of Biochar Water-Soluble Organic Compounds and Their Potential Toxicity on Aquatic Microorganisms

Potential Impact of Biochar Water-Extractable Substances on Environmental Sustainability

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About