Smoke Characterization and Damage Potentials

Newman, Jeffrey S.; Yee, Geary G.; Su, Paul

doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2565-0_24

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…32 Generally smoke comprises two types of components: first particulates which include soot, semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), and solid inorganic compounds, and second nonparticulates which include very volatile organic compounds, volatile organic compounds, as well as liquid and gaseous inorganic compounds. 33 Wildfire smoke is a complex mixture that includes fine particles, volatile organic compounds, and other pollutants that can cause various health effects. Short-and long-term exposure to particle pollution from wildfire smoke can cause respiratory tract irritation, exacerbation of asthma and heart failure, and premature death.…”

Section: Effects Of Components In Wildfire Smokementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Generally smoke comprises two types of components: first particulates which include soot, semi‐volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), and solid inorganic compounds, and second non‐particulates which include very volatile organic compounds, volatile organic compounds, as well as liquid and gaseous inorganic compounds 33 …”

Section: Effects Of Components In Wildfire Smokementioning

confidence: 99%

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Self‐ignition of forest soil samples demonstrated through hot storage tests

Piechnik,

Hofmann,

Klippel

2024

Fire and Materials

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The increasing threat of forest fires on a global scale is not only a matter of concern due to the potential harm they may cause to both human and animal life but also due to their significant role in exacerbating climate change. In light of these circumstances, one might inquire as to whether forest soil can self‐ignite and, if so, under what conditions and at what temperatures this phenomenon may occur. This question is being addressed in the German pilot “Fire science of wildfires and safety measures” of the EU project TREEADS, and the first results are presented below. The importance of basic research into the self‐ignition of forest soil cannot be underestimated, as it provides crucial knowledge to prevent forest fires and protect human and animal health. Furthermore, mitigating the occurrence of forest fires can also play a role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to global efforts to combat climate change. The procedure of the hot storage test is an effective means of determining whether a material can self‐ignite. During the investigation of six soil samples, it was found that five of them were indeed capable of self‐ignition. In addition to determining whether the material ignites, the modified hot storage test also analyzed the resulting smoke gases and measured their concentration. The research question of whether regional forest soil is capable of self‐ignition can be answered with yes based on these initial tests. Further experiments are needed to determine if self‐ignition causes forest fires.

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Section: Effects Of Components In Wildfire Smokementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Effects Of Components In Wildfire Smokementioning

confidence: 99%

Self‐ignition of forest soil samples demonstrated through hot storage tests

Piechnik,

Hofmann,

Klippel

2024

Fire and Materials

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show abstract

“…This leads to only a single physical quantity to be measured in order to describe the light attenuation, as the other one, the distance Δ s , is purely geometrical. A summary of the relevant processes and optical properties of smoke can be found in the SFPE handbook of fire protection engineering 11,12 . It should be noted that the reported extinction coefficients in the SFPE handbook are close to constant and depend only on the type of combustion, that is, flaming vs smouldering.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatiotemporal measurement of light extinction coefficients in compartment fires

et al. 2020

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Summary In case of fire, the visibility plays a major role as it limits the occupants’ orientation capabilities and the perception of signs. These effects are determined by the light extinction due to smoke or other aerosols produced in fires. The presented method is based on the optical observation of an array of light sources during a fire in a laboratory experiment. The smoke induced into the compartment leads to a drop in intensity of each individual light source. This information is used to deduce the extinction along the line‐of‐sight to the camera. Once the data are captured, an automated processing is used to locate the diodes on the images and determine their intensity. Here, the optical image of the small diodes is assumed to have a known shape, so that the optimisation algorithm is capable to identify the location of the diode's centre and quantify the luminosity in a sub‐pixel range. The result is a time series for each diode, indicating the change of the relative luminosity, w.r.t. the initial values. Finally, a model for the extinction along each line‐of‐sight is formulated. It assumes that the light extinction coefficient is distributed in homogeneous layers. The number of layers is a free model parameter. Given this spatial distribution of the extinction coefficient and the experimental geometry, each line‐of‐sight is impacted by a number of layers, of yet unknown coefficient values. An inverse modelling approach is used here to find coefficient values that match the modelled line‐of‐sight extinction with the observed luminosity drops. The final result is a time‐ and height‐dependent distribution of the light extinction coefficient during the full experiment.

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Corrosion behavior of Sn‐3.0Ag‐0.5Cu solder under different fire smoke atmospheres generated by burning polyvinyl chloride and polyethylene

Liu

et al. 2017

Materials & Corrosion

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The corrosion characteristics of Sn‐3.0Ag‐0.5Cu solder under polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyethylene (PE) fire smoke atmospheres were investigated by weight loss method and surface characterization techniques. The corrosion kinetics results of 15‐day tests show that the mass loss of Sn‐3.0Ag‐0.5Cu solder in PE smoke is much lower than that in PVC smoke. The former shows no significant variation during the test. In contrast, the latter increases rapidly first and then presents a slow exponential increase. Microstructure analysis indicates that no obvious corrosion product appeared in PE smoke. Nevertheless, the corrosion products in PVC smoke grow larger first and then become smaller and denser. The possible growth process of corrosion products is that grain growth dominates the formation of the corrosion products at the initial stage and then the nucleation process is predominant. Furthermore, the corrosion mechanisms of Sn‐3.0Ag‐0.5Cu solder in the different fire smoke are also analyzed. Stannous oxide and stannic oxide are regarded as the corrosion products under both PE and PVC smoke atmospheres, while Sn21Cl16(OH)14O6 is only observed under PVC smoke atmosphere.

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Smoke Characterization and Damage Potentials

Cited by 8 publications

References 39 publications

Self‐ignition of forest soil samples demonstrated through hot storage tests

Self‐ignition of forest soil samples demonstrated through hot storage tests

Spatiotemporal measurement of light extinction coefficients in compartment fires

Corrosion behavior of Sn‐3.0Ag‐0.5Cu solder under different fire smoke atmospheres generated by burning polyvinyl chloride and polyethylene

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