Smoke characteristics of tunnel wood fires

Lee, Calvin K.; Singer, Josef; Cashdollar, Kenneth L.

doi:10.1002/fam.810020304

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 12 publications

(3 reference statements)

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“…For the present paper, only measurements that are related to the flow interaction between the fire and ventilation air are reported. Other results are being reported elsewhere (Lee et al, 1978.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 51%

Interaction Between Duct Fires and Ventilation Flow: An Experimental Study

Lee

Chaiken

Singer

1979

Combustion Science and Technology

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The influence of wood fires in a 0.3 x 0.3 x 10 m duct on forced ventilation flow was studied in a model tunnel network by measuring tunnel gas mass flow rate, velocity, pressure, and temperature. Comparison of these measurements obtained before and during the fires at various ventilation air velocities provides useful information on the interaction between duct fires and ventilation flow in terms of fire throttling effects and reverse flow phenomena. Results show that duct fires essentially increase flow resistances of the passageways of a tunnel network by virtue of volatile fuel mass injection and high combustion temperatures. In the present tunnel network, the flow resistance in the fire zone was increased by a factor of 6, and upstream and downstream of the fire by~1.5. The ventilation air velocity was thus throttled to less than half of its initial value before the fire. Reverse flow occurred when the throttled air velocity was~0.6 mis, which corresponds to a Froude number of~7 (based on duct height and ventilation air velocity). The experimental measurements were utilized in a flow network analysis to further elucidate the coupling process between duct fires and ventilation flow.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 51%

Interaction Between Duct Fires and Ventilation Flow: An Experimental Study

Lee

Chaiken

Singer

1979

Combustion Science and Technology

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Smoke characteristics of coal‐lined tunnel fires

et al. 1981

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Characteristics of smoke particulates generated from a coal fire in a ventilated model tunnel were investigated by laser optical transmission and by electron microscopy. Average particle diameter and mass concentration of the smoke were determined as a function of the temperature and stoichiometry of the coal tunnel fire. Smoke particle sizes ranged from 0.2 to 0.9 pm, with larger particle sizes associated with higher smoke concentrations. These coal smoke data are relevant to several aspects of underground mine safety including the development and location of smoke detection instruments, the understanding of the fire (toxic fume) hazard, and the development of new fire protection and control techniques.

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Assessment of smoke density with a helium–neon laser

Clark

1985

Fire and Materials

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Smoke‐obscuration of monochromatic (0.632μm) light helium‐neon lasers and of broad‐band continuum light a hot tungsten filament is reported. The effect of forward‐scattered light is evaluated for the monochromatic source, and the degree to which the Bouguer law is obeyed for a non‐monochromatic source is discussed. Practical experience with both small‐scall and fire experiments is described.

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Smoke characteristics of tunnel wood fires

Cited by 4 publications

References 12 publications

Interaction Between Duct Fires and Ventilation Flow: An Experimental Study

Interaction Between Duct Fires and Ventilation Flow: An Experimental Study

Smoke characteristics of coal‐lined tunnel fires

Assessment of smoke density with a helium–neon laser

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