śmn-Km, Corinthian bronze, shakudo: black-patinated bronze in the ancient world

Craddock, Paul; Giumlía-Mair, Alessandra

doi:10.1016/b978-0-7506-1611-9.50013-3

Cited by 29 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Therefore, we will test the potential of Raman analysis with a mobile instrument in combination with the qualitative elemental compositions obtained with a portable X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) instrument. Our objective is the identification of characteristics tracing the patina technology in light of procedure descriptions …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On‐site Raman and XRF analysis of Japanese/Chinese bronze/brass patina – the search for specific Raman signatures

Colomban

Tournié

Maucuer³

et al. 2011

J Raman Spectroscopy

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The assignment of Asian bronzes and brasses is difficult because the copies of ancient pieces have been made a long time ago in different countries. A selection of 30 Japanese and/or Chinese bronzes/brasses are studied on‐site in the storage and exhibition rooms of the Cernuschi Museum, in Paris, using portable Raman and X‐ray fluorescence spectrometers. Attempts are made to identify specific Raman signatures of the patina to detect similarity in a nondestructive procedure. X‐ray fluorescence measurements allow an identification of two brass artefacts and different types of bronze, including lead‐rich and mixed lead–tin–zinc‐rich compositions. The following phases are identified: CuO, Cu2O, Cu2S, tin oxides, ZnO, Cu3(OH)4SO4, Cu4(OH)6SO4, 3PbOPbSO4 H2O, PbSO4/PbO, Pb(AsO4)3Cl, HgO/HgS. Relics of the mould, retained as concretions at the artefact surface are also identified: TiO2, SiO2, and different soda(−lime) glasses. Patina with very similar colour and habit may have different Raman signatures. This study offers tools to classify the artefacts in a noninvasive way. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On‐site Raman and XRF analysis of Japanese/Chinese bronze/brass patina – the search for specific Raman signatures

Colomban

Tournié

Maucuer³

et al. 2011

J Raman Spectroscopy

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“…These aggregates of gold atoms, in a superlattice-type structure, must be responsible for the alteration in colour of cuprite from red to black, although precisely why is not understood. This is very similar to the composition of Corinthian bronzes recently studied by Craddock and Giumlia-Mair [14], which were famous for their attractive blue-black patinas. One of the first references to these bronzes is a passage from Plutarch (c. 46-c. 120 A.D.) who, in the ' ... he did however, admire the patina of the bronze, for it bore no resemblance to verdigris or rust, but the bronze was smooth and shining with a deep blue tinge ... it was not by art, as they say, but by accident that the Corinthian bronze acquired its beauty of colour; a fire consumed a house containing some gold and silver and a great store of copper, and when these were melted and fused together, the great mass of copper furnished a name because of its preponderance ... ' [15] Craddock and Giumlia-Mair discuss Egyptian bronzes, known as Hsmn-km, which are also black in colour [14].…”

Section: Copper Compounds In Metals and Colorantsmentioning

confidence: 57%

“…Like shakudo alloys, these too have a patinated surface which is principally cuprite. The interesting story of the very extensive use of these patinated and coloured bronzes in many different cultures is well discussed by Craddock and Giumlia-Mair [14].…”

Section: Copper Compounds In Metals and Colorantsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Copper compounds in metals and colorants: oxides and hydroxides

Scott¹

1997

Studies in Conservation

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Cuprite and tenorite are important as corrosion products of copper and as alteration products or colorants. In the case of tenorite this alteration is usually undesirable, resulting from degradation of azurite or decomposition of copper(I) chloride (cuprous chloride) under very alkaline conditions. The mode of occurrence of cuprite in ancient bronzes is reviewed. The use of cuprite as a pigment in ancient glasses is discussed and the intermediate compound, copper(II) hydroxide (cupric hydroxide), is briefly described.

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“…4) contains various Cu and lead compounds, as cuprite Cu 2 O, atacamite Cu 2 Cl(OH) 3 and anglesite PbSO 4 . Careful optical microscope examination shows that it is indeed a mixture of corrosion products, which have 'pushed up' the neighbouring Au inlays to the surface.…”

Section: Results On Other (Not 'Black Bronze') Egyptian Patinas: Discmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Its patina is a mixture of nantokite CuCl and atacamite Cu 2 Cl(OH) 3 . Au appears in the patina by PIXE analysis at 16 wt-% level instead of 25 wt-% for the bulk metal.…”

Section: Results On Other (Not 'Black Bronze') Egyptian Patinas: Discmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intentional patina of metal archaeological artefacts: non-destructive investigation of Egyptian and Roman museum treasures

Aucouturier

Mathis

Robcis

et al. 2010

Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology

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This paper describes microstructural analyses by X-ray portable diffraction and microdiffraction on intentional patina of the bronze museum objects from antique Egypt and the Roman Empire. They bring evidence of the presence in the true black bronze patinas of metallic gold and/or silver presumably as nanoparticles. Three other Egyptian patinas not belonging to black bronze are characterised. Apparent black patination on a Roman scalpel handle is discussed. The discovery of a new patination procedure on Roman artefacts from the Louvre museum is also related, based on intentional high temperature oxidation to obtain a dark patina on a lead bronze object. A presence of lead carbonate cerussite is an important observation.

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śmn-Km, Corinthian bronze, shakudo: black-patinated bronze in the ancient world

Cited by 29 publications

References 20 publications

On‐site Raman and XRF analysis of Japanese/Chinese bronze/brass patina – the search for specific Raman signatures

On‐site Raman and XRF analysis of Japanese/Chinese bronze/brass patina – the search for specific Raman signatures

Copper compounds in metals and colorants: oxides and hydroxides

Intentional patina of metal archaeological artefacts: non-destructive investigation of Egyptian and Roman museum treasures

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