Smiling and frowning induced by facial neuromuscular electrical stimulation (fNMES) modulate felt emotion and physiology

Abstract

According to the Facial Feedback Hypothesis (FFH), feedback from facial muscles can initiate and modulate a person’s emotional state. However, this assumption is debated, and existing research has arguably suffered from a lack of control over which facial muscles are activated, when, to what degree, and for how long. To overcome these limitations, we carried out a pre-registered experiment recruiting 58 participants in 2023 in which we applied facial neuromuscular electrical stimulation (fNMES) to the Zygomaticus Major (ZM) and Depressor Anguli Oris (DAO) muscles for 5 seconds at 100% and 50% of the participants individual motor threshold (MT). After each trial, participants reported their emotions’ valence and arousal. Heart rate and electrodermal activity were recorded throughout. Results showed that muscle activation through fNMES, even when controlling for fNMES-induced discomfort, modulated participants’ emotional state as expected, with more positive emotions reported after stronger stimulation of the ZM than the DAO muscle. The addition of expression-congruent emotional images increased the effect. Moreover, fNMES intensity predicted arousal ratings and skin conductance responses. The finding that changes in felt emotion can be induced through brief, controlled activation of specific facial muscles is in line with the FFH and offers exciting opportunities for translational intervention.