This study aims to investigate the factors affecting the labor productivity of household businesses in Vietnam. By using data from the 2015 Small and Medium Scale Manufacturing Enterprises in Vietnam, the authors found that labor productivity was affected by a number of firms' and owners' characteristics, including firm size, firm age, investment, competition, networking, female share, salary, and owner's age. The study further examined the effects of these determinants on labor productivity through different quantiles (25 th , 50 th , and 75 th quantiles). Policy implications were discussed.