SmartPulse: Automated Checking of Temporal Properties in Smart Contracts

Stephens, John Lloyd; Ferles, Kostas; Mariano, Benjamin; Lahiri, Shuvendu K.; Dillig, Işıl

doi:10.1109/sp40001.2021.00085

Cited by 35 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Properties cover state machine properties as well as access control and arithmetic properties. SmartPulse [35] also expresses properties in a logic based on LTL but can also verify liveness properties. Apart from linear temporal logic, smart contracts have also been model checked against branching-time properties expressed in CTL [31].…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Formal methods provide formal guarantees and thus play a major role in these efforts, also because of the relatively small size of smart contracts. Formal verification has been successfully applied to prove the correctness of smart contract control flows, for example by verifying properties described in a temporal logic [31,32,35] or verifying that a contract implements a given state machine [37]. Other approaches model the control flow with different types of state machines and construct Solidity code from it [7,27,28,39].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reactive Synthesis of Smart Contract Control Flows

Finkbeiner¹,

Hofmann²,

Kohn³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Smart contracts are small but highly error-prone programs that implement agreements between multiple parties. We present a reactive synthesis workflow for the automatic construction of finite-state machines implementing the control flow of a smart contract. As specification language, we use temporal stream logic (TSL), which builds on LTL but adds additional mechanisms to reason about the control flow of infinite data. Our specifications not only reason about the order of transactions based on guards like access rights, but also include the updates of fields necessary for a correct control flow. We show how to comprehensively specify the control flow of various types of common smart contracts, including auctions, asset transfers, and crowd funding protocols. Our tool SCSynt implements the approach using BDD-based symbolic algorithms, resulting in a fast reactive control flow synthesis.

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reactive Synthesis of Smart Contract Control Flows

Finkbeiner¹,

Hofmann²,

Kohn³

et al. 2022

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The VERISOL [14], [22] framework checks a smart contract against properties defined with finite state machines. VERX [23] and SMARTPULSE [24] verify that a contract satisfies specifications given in LTL-like logics, where SMARTPULSE can handle not only safety but also liveness properties. Temporal Stream Logic.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smart Contract Synthesis Modulo Hyperproperties

Coenen¹,

Finkbeiner²,

Hofmann³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Smart contracts are small but highly securitycritical programs that implement wallets, token systems, auctions, crowd funding systems, elections and other multi-party transactions on the blockchain. A broad range of methods has been developed to ensure that a smart contract is functionally correct. However, smart contracts often additionally need to satisfy certain hyperproperties, such as symmetry, determinism, or an information flow policy. In this paper, we show how a synthesis method for smart contracts can ensure that the contract satisfies its desired hyperproperties. We build on top of a recently developed synthesis approach from specifications in the temporal logic TSL. We present HyperTSL, an extension of TSL for the specification of hyperproperties of infinite-state software. As a preprocessing step, we show how to detect if a hyperproperty has an equivalent formulation as a (simpler) trace property. Finally, we describe how to refine a synthesized contract to adhere to its HyperTSL specification.

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“…The work in [29] provides an extensive evaluation of ERC-20 and ERC-721 tokens. ERC-721 extends ERC-20 with ownership functions, one of which being "approve".…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Summing Up Smart Transitions

Elad¹,

Rain²,

Immerman³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Some of the most significant high-level properties of currencies are the sums of certain account balances. Properties of such sums can ensure the integrity of currencies and transactions. For example, the sum of balances should not be changed by a transfer operation. Currencies manipulated by code present a verification challenge to mathematically prove their integrity by reasoning about computer programs that operate over them, e.g., in Solidity. The ability to reason about sums is essential: even the simplest ERC-20 token standard of the Ethereum community provides a way to access the total supply of balances. Unfortunately, reasoning about code written against this interface is nontrivial: the number of addresses is unbounded, and establishing global invariants like the preservation of the sum of the balances by operations like transfer requires higher-order reasoning. In particular, automated reasoners do not provide ways to specify summations of arbitrary length. In this paper, we present a generalization of first-order logic which can express the unbounded sum of balances. We prove the decidablity of one of our extensions and the undecidability of a slightly richer one. We introduce first-order encodings to automate reasoning over software transitions with summations. We demonstrate the applicability of our results by using SMT solvers and first-order provers for validating the correctness of common transitions in smart contracts.This submission is an extended version of the CAV 2021 paper "Summing Up Smart Transitions", by N. Elad, S. Rain, N. Immerman, L. Kovács and M. Sagiv.

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SmartPulse: Automated Checking of Temporal Properties in Smart Contracts

Cited by 35 publications

References 24 publications

Reactive Synthesis of Smart Contract Control Flows

Reactive Synthesis of Smart Contract Control Flows

Smart Contract Synthesis Modulo Hyperproperties

Summing Up Smart Transitions

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