Smartphone-Based Fluorescent Diagnostic System for Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Viruses

Abstract

Field diagnostic tools for avian influenza (AI) are indispensable for the prevention and controlled management of highly pathogenic AI-related diseases. More accurate, faster and networked on-site monitoring is demanded to detect such AI viruses with high sensitivity as well as to maintain up-to-date information about their geographical transmission. In this work, we assessed the clinical and field-level performance of a smartphone-based fluorescent diagnostic device with an efficient reflective light collection module using a coumarin-derived dendrimer-based fluorescent lateral flow immunoassay. By application of an optimized bioconjugate, a smartphone-based diagnostic device had a two-fold higher detectability as compared to that of the table-top fluorescence strip reader for three different AI subtypes (H5N3, H7N1, and H9N2). Additionally, in a clinical study of H5N1-confirmed patients, the smartphone-based diagnostic device showed a sensitivity of 96.55% (28/29) [95% confidence interval (CI): 82.24 to 99.91] and a specificity of 98.55% (68/69) (95% CI: 92.19 to 99.96). The measurement results from the distributed individual smartphones were wirelessly transmitted via short messaging service and collected by a centralized database system for further information processing and data mining. Smartphone-based diagnosis provided highly sensitive measurement results for H5N1 detection within 15 minutes. Because of its high sensitivity, portability and automatic reporting feature, the proposed device will enable agile identification of patients and efficient control of AI dissemination.

Biotechnological innovations in farm and pet animal disease diagnosis

“…These assays are equally sensitive as compared to ELISA (Ferris et al, 2010). Furthermore, combining these assays with smartphones has made the increased sensitivity and quick reporting of results possible (Yeo et al, 2016). Therefore, these assays offer a novel herd level surveillance tool, and provide immediate results to the farmers.…”

Development of a smartphone-based rapid dual fluorescent diagnostic system for the simultaneous detection of influenza A and H5 subtype in avian influenza A-infected patients

“…2A). The fluorescence intensity of the two QDs bioconjugates was measured by a smartphone detector utilizing the same platform containing a pair of parabolic mirrors between the lateral flow strip and the smartphone's camera [13]. However, current SRDFDS was designed to get fluorescent signals of two QDs separately in the CL, using two different emission filters (580 nm and 650 nm) which were inserted into the module (Fig.…”

“…Given the demand for multiplex testing and the major advantages of the lateral flow assay over alternative rapid diagnostic platforms, this study aimed to adapt the simplicity of the membrane-based lateral flow assay and multiplex techniques. Various fluorescent materials have been applied for lateral flow assays as alternative to conventional gold nanoparticles to detect influenza A as POCT [11][12][13][14][15][16]. Also, self-contained and disposable diagnostic devices have been developed [15,[17][18][19].…”

“…We had previously developed a portable smartphone-based rapid fluorescent diagnostic system (SRFDS) [13]. In this study, it was advanced to a multiplex AI virus detection toolkit and readout system equipped with a portable SRDFDS using two emission filters.…”

Mkit: A cell migration assay based on microfluidic device and smartphone

“…Effective integration of the two key technologies critically empowers MS 2 for many mobile sensing applications. Current applications of MS 2 cover detection of various environmental and health indicators such as pH (Lopez-Ruiz et al 2014), nitrite , heavy metal (Chen et al 2014b;Wang et al 2014), bacterial contamination (Hutchison et al 2015;San Park et al 2013;Zhu et al 2012), blood glucose (Chun et al 2014), proteins (Chan et al 2015;Lillehoj et al 2013;Preechaburana et al 2012;You et al 2013) and other pathogen-associated biomarkers (Fronczek et al 2014;Stemple et al 2014;Yeo et al 2016). Some complicated assays such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Chen et al 2014a;Wang et al 2011) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Liao et al 2016;Stedtfeld et al 2012) were successfully implemented with the MS 2 systems.…”