“…Smartphones, as controllers, processors, and detectors, are alternatives for laboratory-based equipment due to their high-resolution camera, great computing ability and easy operation software. 22–24 In general, smartphone cameras capture photographs and translate them into various color spaces, such as red, green, blue (RGB), hue, saturation, value (HSV) and grayscale, for quantitative analysis. Integrating optical assays (colorimetric, fluorometric and chemiluminescence methods), smartphones, as instrument-free analytical devices, have been applied in medical diagnosis, food safety and environmental monitoring fields.…”