Smartphone App Stress Assessments: Heart Rate Variability vs Perceived Stress in a Large Group of Adults

Abstract

BackgroundMultiple studies have shown that the state of stress has a negative impact on decision-making, the cardiovascular system, and the autonomic nervous system [1]. In light of this, we have developed a mobile application in order to assess user stress levels based on the state of their physiological systems. This assessment is based on heart rate variability [2], [3], [4], [5], which many wearable devices such as Apple Watch have learned to measure in the background. We developed a proprietary algorithm that assesses stress levels based on heart rate variability analysis, and this research paper shows that assessments positively correlate with subjective feelings of stress experienced by users.ObjectiveThe objective of this paper is to study the relationship between HRV-based physiological stress responses and Perceived Stress Questionnaire self-assessments in order to validate Welltory measurements as a tool that can be used for daily stress measurements.SettingWe analyzed data from Welltory app users, which is publicly available and free of charge. The app allows users to complete the Perceived Stress Questionnaire and take heart rate variability measurements, either with Apple Watch or with their smartphone cameras.SubjectsTo conduct our study, we collected all questionnaire results from users between the ages of 25 and 60 who also took a heart rate variability measurement on the same day, after filling out the Questionnaire. In total, this research paper includes results from 1,471 participants (602 men and 869 women).MeasurementsWe quantitatively measured physiological stress based on AMo, pNN50, and MedSD values, which were calculated based on sequences of RR-intervals recorded with the Welltory app. We assessed psychological stress levels based on the Perceived Stress Questionnaire (PSQ) [6], [7].ResultsPhysiological stress reliably correlates with self-assessed psychological stress levels - low for subjects with low psychological stress levels, medium for subjects with medium psychological stress levels, and high for subjects with high psychological stress levels. On a scale of 0-100%, median physiological stress is 48.7 (95% CI of 45.2-50.7%), 56.4 (95% CI of 54.3-58.9), and 62.5 (95% CI of 59.7-66.3) for these groups, respectively.ConclusionsPhysiological stress response, which is calculated based on heart rate variability analysis, on average increases as psychological stress increases. Our results show that HRV measurements significantly correlate with perceived psychological stress, and can therefore be used as a stress assessment tool.

Chronotropic Incompetence in Non-Hospitalized Patients with Post-COVID-19 Syndrome

“…The cardiorespiratory fitness assessment included a submaximal cycle ergometer test with HR and rate of perceived exertion (RPE). Heart rate variability (HRV) was collected for 1 week by means of the root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD) using the Welltory app [16] as a marker for autonomic nervous system response and psychological stress [17]. The submaximal test [18] consisted of two incremental, consecutive, and submaximal work rates for 4 min on a cycloergometer (Ergoline, Ergoselect 200, Bitz, Alemania).…”