Smart Wearable Textiles with Breathable Properties and Repeatable Shaping in In Vitro Orthopedic Support from a Novel Biomass Thermoplastic Copolyester

Abstract

possessing particular properties such as thermal stability, flexibility, and chemical resistance.Biomass polymers, [4][5][6] which are highly dependent on mechanical properties because they must sustain and recover from various deformations, have important potential applications in tissue engineering and drug delivery. [7][8][9] A novel elastomeric material, poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS), has excellent mechanical stability derived from a soft, tough, and elastomeric network structure. [8] These elastomers, which form a cross-linked and 3D network of random coils, are similar to vulcanized rubber. Such paths to obtain strong and elastomeric characterizations are also observed in nature, such as in collagen and elastin. The covalent crosslinking and hydrogen bonding interactions contribute additional mechanical strength, which makes PGS much tougher than most hydrogels and able to withstand larger reversible deformations than can PHA and P4HB. [10] This study proposed two potential strategies to achieve PGS-like materials: 1) excellent mechanical properties could be reached through interactions of intramolecular cross-linked covalent bonds and intermolecular hydrogen bonds; and 2) a rubber-like elastomer could be obtained using one monomer of the trifunctional group as a node to form a 3D network structure.The toxicological and safety aspects of glycerol and sebacic acid (SeA) have been approved and passed by the US Food and Drug Administration for biomedical applications [11] in myocardial tissue, vascular graft, and cartilage. [12][13][14] SeA, as a specific monomer, is a nontoxic material, and it was employed in this study. Commonly, SeA is made of castor oil and manufactured by saponification at 250 °C. The long-chain aliphatic dicarboxylic acid (HOOC(CH 2 ) n COOH) with a chain length of n = 8 is more suitable to cyclize during polymerization reactions compared with short-chain dicarboxylic acids, such as AA. In general, the methods of producing green monomers involve fermentation and chemical transformations from natural polymers and molecular biomass from nature. [15] Among all green monomers, vegetable oils with their fatty acids are particularly appealing because of their relatively low toxicity, availability at Smart TextilesIn this study, materials with low melting temperatures and high toughness are developed for orthopedic applications. A series of an aliphatic copolyester based on sebacic acid (SeA), a green resource, is copolymerized with ethylene glycol, trimesic acid, aminocaproic acid, and adipic acid (AA) to produce poly(ethylene sebacate-co-ethylene adipate) (PESA) with various molar ratios through melt polymerization. Thermal characterizations of the PESA copolyesters are tuned with SeA and AA in varying molar ratios, exhibiting a crystalline phase with a lower degree of perfection. The melting point (T m ) and crystallization temperature (T c ) of the copolyesters are observed at 60-70 and 30-40 °C, respectively. Furthermore, a high Young's modulus ranging between 140 and 200 MPa is observed...

Effect of 1,2,4,5-Benzenetetracarboxylic Acid on Unsaturated Poly(butylene adipate-co-butylene itaconate) Copolyesters: Synthesis, Non-Isothermal Crystallization Kinetics, Thermal and Mechanical Properties

“…2,5-furandicarboxylic acid is a popular bio-based aromatic diacid monomer consisting of a furan ring to replace the terephthalate acid, achieving an excellent gas barrier property [19][20][21][22][23]. Otherwise, the cross-linking modifiers are frequently undertaken to improve the thermal and mechanical properties of bio-based copolyesters [24][25][26][27]. By doing so, the bio-based aliphatic polyester can be formed a partial cross-linking network architecture by a small amount of multi-arm cross-linking modifiers, such as benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid and glycerol with the tri-arms; 2,2-bis (hydroxymethyl) 1,3-propanediol, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and 1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylic acid with the tetra-arms; cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexacarboxylic acid and hexahydroxycyclohexane with the hexa-arms, etc.…”

Synthesis of Bio-Based Poly(Butylene Adipate-co-Butylene Itaconate) Copolyesters with Pentaerythritol: A Thermal, Mechanical, Rheological, and Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study

“…The modifier can be selected with a multi arms end group with -OH and -COOH residues utilized in copolyesters; e.g., benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid and glycerol with the tri-arm; 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl) 1,3-propanediol, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and 1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylic acid with the tetra-arm; cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexacarboxylic acid and 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol with the hexa-arm. A slight content (0.01-0.3 mole%) of multifunctional end groups on aliphatic copolyesters has been explored to form a partial networking architecture, for which the thermal and mechanical properties were accurately regulated, while still maintaining the thermoplastic's properties and easy processability [6][7][8][9]. For tri-arm modifiers, Chan and coworkers produced the poly(ethylene sebacate-co-ethylene adipate) (PESA) with benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid, observing a lower melting point in the rane of 60-70 • C, a relative higher Young's modulus in a range of 140-200 MPa, and elongation in 35-75% due to a partial crosslinking network generated [6].…”

“…A slight content (0.01-0.3 mole%) of multifunctional end groups on aliphatic copolyesters has been explored to form a partial networking architecture, for which the thermal and mechanical properties were accurately regulated, while still maintaining the thermoplastic's properties and easy processability [6][7][8][9]. For tri-arm modifiers, Chan and coworkers produced the poly(ethylene sebacate-co-ethylene adipate) (PESA) with benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid, observing a lower melting point in the rane of 60-70 • C, a relative higher Young's modulus in a range of 140-200 MPa, and elongation in 35-75% due to a partial crosslinking network generated [6]. Hsu et al developed a fully biobased poly(butylene succinate-co-propylene succinate) (PBSPS) system with glycerol adjust the thermal-mechanical properties, revealing the PBSPS copolyesters could be changed from elastic to rigid characteristics by increasing the PS unit, proposing that the elongation decreased from 800% to 20% and Young's modulus ranged from 288.19-58.11 MPa [7].…”

Conjugated Copolymers through Electrospinning Synthetic Strategies and Their Versatile Applications in Sensing Environmental Toxicants, pH, Temperature, and Humidity

“…The reversible characteristic influences the sensory fibers in real-time applicability, and it is highly demanding to reduce the cost and material loss. The integration of thermoplastic copolymers into breathable wound dressing applications may have greater importance in textile-based studies [40,125,126]. Biodegradable and greener materials will most likely be used in creating sensory optical nanofibers in the near future.…”