Smart Water Quality Monitoring System Design and KPIs Analysis: Case Sites of Fiji Surface Water

Abstract

Over recent years, waters in and around Fiji has increasingly succumbed to a reasonable level of contamination. Water quality is defined with set of standards that clearly state the parameters of different properties in water. These standards are different at various geographic locations. The specific quantitative values of these parameters for the Fiji Islands are established by the Fiji National Drinking Water Quality Standards (FNDWQS). Fiji is geographically located in the vast Pacific Ocean, and requires a data collection framework for different water parameters to monitor water quality. The GIS framework system can effectively solve this continuously in real-time. With the end goal being to quantify different parameters; four (04) key performance indicators (KPI) are identified: Temperature, potential of hydrogen (pH), Oxidation Reduction Potential (ORP), and Conductivity. This paper presents a Smart Water Quality Monitoring System (SWQMS) which has been developed and deployed in five (05) Fijian locations (nodes) for the aforementioned KPIs measurement. The SWQMS interfaced with GIS and were powered using solar based Renewable Energy Source (REs). Finally, obtained data were tested and analyzed using statistical methods and verified comparing with the FNDWQS. The findings demonstrated that the system is capable of delivering an accurate and consistent measurement of water quality in real-time. Hence SWQMS could be a smart choice for various Pacific Island Countries (PICs) to use to monitor the water quality and in turn develop sustainable cities and societies.Sustainability 2019, 11, 7110 2 of 21 people all over the world, due to industrialization, the massive growth in population, excessive use of chemicals for agricultural activities, reclamation of land, and oil spillage into the water, and it is being contaminated at an alarming rate which is now a matter of concern. Therefore, it is important to monitor and test water quality real-time on a regular basis to take necessary steps in order to reduce water pollution and control the quality of water whenever it is necessary. The accessibility of quality water is essential for disease control and for enhancing health.Natural impurities caused by weathering and the decay of marine organisms and various manmade activities introduce impurities in the water, like iron, lead, chromium, and even radioactive uranium [4,5]. A set of standards for both surface and drinking water which are established and regulated by the authority of a country, clearly state the limits of the potential of hydrogen (pH), dissolved oxygen (DO), alkalinity, ORP, conductivity, and salinity to maintain a high quality of water. Standards are different from country to country due to differing geographical locations [6]; however, a standard is not yet well established for Fiji. Henceforward, it is necessary to classify and define the exact values of the parameters for various sources of water available here in Fiji, and this case study will partially address this issue. The Fiji National Dr...

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