Smart supercapacitors with deformable and healable functions

Abstract

The recent development of SMART supercapacitors with stretchability, compressibility, healability and shape-memory function is summarized.

Smart Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices with Self‐Protection and Self‐Adaptation Abilities

“…[84][85][86][87] However, these devices are inevitably susceptible to structural fracture and mechanical damage during practical operation, resulting in malfunction, inconvenience brought by usage interruption, electronic waste and safety hazards. [34,88] Motivated by living organisms whose injuries can be healed spontaneously by innate regenerative systems, smart energy storage devices with self-healing ability in response to external mechanical damage are very appealing, and are being studied intensely, [34,89,90] facilitated by the rapid development of healable materials. [91][92][93][94][95][96][97] As a consequence, the service time, reliability and durability of these devices can be significantly enhanced.…”

“…Recently, in order to facilitate durable and reliable power supply especially for wearable electronics, shape memory energy storage devices are emerging, which have the appealing ability to memorize a pre-designed shape and recover it after deformation in response to external stimuli, such as heat, magnetic force, pressure, etc. [24,34,35,105] Shape memory materials are the fundamental components of such devices, and mainly contain three types of materials, i.e., shape-memory polymers, alloys and some ceramic materials. [106][107][108] In the past two years, shape memory materials have been applied as substrates or cores to support charge-storage active components, and have been assembled into plane-or fibershaped memory supercapacitors.…”

“…[28][29][30][31][32] In order to cope with external mechanical damage, self-healing supercapacitors and batteries have been successfully fabricated, and could improve the reliability and lifetime of these devices. [33,34] Moreover, to avoid the irreversible recovery of flexible energy storage devices caused by deformation over time, shape-memory supercapacitors have also been developed. [34][35][36] In this progress report, we summarize the main characteristics of current smart electrochemical energy storage devices with enriched functionalities, ranging from self-protection to intelligent responses to external stimuli.…”

“…[33,34] Moreover, to avoid the irreversible recovery of flexible energy storage devices caused by deformation over time, shape-memory supercapacitors have also been developed. [34][35][36] In this progress report, we summarize the main characteristics of current smart electrochemical energy storage devices with enriched functionalities, ranging from self-protection to intelligent responses to external stimuli. In particular, smart energy storage devices with different types of abilities, such as self-monitoring of internal shorting caused by dendrite formation, self-guard against thermal runaway, as well as selfadjustment in response to mechanical damage and deformation are discussed in detail.…”

Self‐Healing Materials for Next‐Generation Energy Harvesting and Storage Devices

“…[8,9,11,12,32,33] The self-healing mechanisms can be categorized into two major types: (i) intrinsic self-healing polymers with reversible bonds; (ii) self-healing through exhaustion of healing agents (Scheme 1). Following we will discuss each category in detail.…”