Smart Structures

Abstract

While conventional structures are usually designed to fulfill a single primary purpose, smart structures add the ability to sense changes in their environment and use that information in a timely manner in ways that augment their functionality. Smart structures today are increasingly found in applications as diverse as analysis and reporting of damage (health monitoring), in situ repair of structural damage (self‐healing), and physical adaptability and active response to various operating conditions (morphing structures). In this article, we start with a review of the main classes of smart materials that make building smart structures possible. We review the fundamental principles that give these materials “smart” functionality, allowing them to sense external stimuli, adapt, and respond in various ways. We also provide a detailed example of implementation of a smart structure in the real world. The ever‐increasing variety of smart materials, each with very different capabilities and requirements, gives the designer of smart structures multiple options as well as challenges in this still maturing field. Smart materials, when combined with sophisticated signal processing and control hardware made possible by modern electronics, open the door for new generations of smart structures with advanced capabilities—such as the ability to “learn” and respond accordingly—that may one day blur the line between inanimate and living systems.

Moving Dipole Localization Using Linear Least Square Estimation: A Review

“…N represents number of sampling points, 𝑚 ̂(𝑡 𝑖 ) and 𝑚(𝑡 𝑖 ) are predicted and measured vector leads respectively at 𝑡 𝑖 ,and Фx (x,x~) represents regularize function related to the prior conditions (model parameter optional values) see (Bystricky, 2012) as shown in Figure11. After fitting the MVD to the central five seconds of each ECG a total of 2403 beats were analyzed in five equal time slices starting from 10ms up to 160ms and the position and the momentum of the MVD within the QRS complex were found.…”

“…In this review study, an electrical source, the heart model in the form of a moving dipole(MVD) (Gabor & Nelson, 1954), is used to describe the complete heart function (Geselowitz, 1964). Its noninvasive(i.e., surface body) localization which was clinically validated by (Ideker et al, 1975), is compared with other sources localization method used by different researchers in this field (indicative of heart illnesses (Savard et al, 1985)) and some recent applications of the MVD (Armoundas, Feldman, Mukkamala, He, et al, 2003;Bystricky, 2012Bystricky, , 2018Selvester et al, 2010;Starc & Swenne, 2017).…”

A review on electroactive polymers development for aerospace applications

“…This ability to respond on any change in the ambience of animate or inanimate system is called actuation. They are compliant work producing systems (Bystricky, 2012; Moreau, 2007; Nguyen et al, 2012; Ricotti and Menciassi, 2012; Zupan et al, 2002) and are based on numerous physical principles manifesting diverse performance capabilities (Brauer, 2006; De Rossi et al, 2005). EAP actuators are now widely used because of their numerous actuation modes, high actuation strain and biomimetic ability (Bar-Cohen, 2004a; Carpi and De Rossi, 2005; Tondu, 2007).…”