Smart Polymeric Nanofibers Resolving Biorecognition Issues

Abstract

Smart materials are a class of materials having one or more properties that can be signifi cantly changed in a controlled manner by changing the external stimuli, such as stress, temperature, moisture, pH, electric, and magnetic fi elds. There are numerous types of smart materials; however, we can categorize them on the basis of their responsive behaviors during the stimuli. " Piezoelectric materials " are ceramics or polymers characterized by a swift, linear shape change in response to an electric fi eld. The electricity makes the material expand or instantly contract. This class of materials has potential applications in actuators to control chatter in precision machine tools, improve robotic parts for faster and accurate movement, microelectronic circuits in machines (e.g., computers, photolithography printers, etc.), and also in integrity -monitoring fi bers for bridges, buildings, and wood utility poles [1] . " Electrostrictive and magnetostrictive materials " show a change in material size with response to either an electric or magnetic fi eld, and conversely produce a voltage when stretched. These materials show promising applications for the manufacturing of pumps and valves, aerospace wind tunnels, shock -tube instrumentation, landing gear hydraulics, and further biomechanics force measurement of orthopedic gait and posturography, sports, ergonomics, neurology, cardiology, and rehabilitation [2] . " Rheological materials " are smart materials that include not only solids, but also fl uids like electrorheological and magnetorheological fl uids that can change state instantly using an electric or magnetic fi eld [3] . These types of fl uids being used as dampers for vehicle seats, shock absorbers, exercise equipment, and optical fi nishing. " Thermo -responsive materials, " such as shape memory alloys, show a change in shape in response to heat and/or cold. Nitinol or nickel and titanium are usually combined to form such intelligent materials. The rarely used materials for this class are Au/Cd, Ag/Cd, Cu/Al/Ni, Cu/Sn, and Cu/Zn/Al [4] . They are frequently used in couplers, thermostats, and automobile, plane and helicopter parts. " pH -sensitive " materials are used as indicators and can change color as a function of pH. This type of smart material shows promise in paints

Genetically Introducing Biochemically Reactive Amino Acids Dehydroalanine and Dehydrobutyrine in Proteins

“…Methods for preparing site-selectively glycosylated proteins and mimetics are valuable for studying protein glycosylation. 17,[27][28][29][30] We synthesized 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-1-thio-β-Dglucopyranose (1-thiol-GlcNAc) in 3 steps (68% overall yield, Supplementary methods), and incubated 1-thiol-Glc-NAc with sfGFP(182FSY/184Ser) (expressed from E.coli as described above and containing 182Tyr/184Dha) under mild conditions. A similarly expressed and purified sfGFP(182FSY/184Glu) protein was used as the negative control.…”