Smart polymer composites in drug delivery

Shalla, Aabid H.; Bhat, Mushtaq A.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819961-9.00009-8

Cited by 5 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 95 publications

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“…The combination of active molecules, such as drugs or natural compounds, with polymers to obtain materials with advanced properties has been extensively reported in the literature [ 8 , 45 , 46 ]. Accordingly, the use of drug-loaded polymeric devices for cardiovascular applications was previously reported [ 1 , 9 , 19 , 47 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of 3D Printing for the Development of Biodegradable Antiplatelet Materials for Cardiovascular Applications

et al. 2021

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Small-diameter synthetic vascular grafts are required for surgical bypass grafting when there is a lack of suitable autologous vessels due to different reasons, such as previous operations. Thrombosis is the main cause of failure of small-diameter synthetic vascular grafts when used for this revascularization technique. Therefore, the development of biodegradable vascular grafts capable of providing a localized and sustained antithrombotic drug release mark a major step forward in the fight against cardiovascular diseases, which are the leading cause of death globally. The present paper describes the use of an extrusion-based 3D printing technology for the production of biodegradable antiplatelet tubular grafts for cardiovascular applications. For this purpose, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) was chosen as a model molecule due to its antiplatelet activity. Poly(caprolactone) and ASA were combined for the fabrication and characterization of ASA-loaded tubular grafts. Moreover, rifampicin (RIF) was added to the formulation containing the higher ASA loading, as a model molecule that can be used to prevent vascular prosthesis infections. The produced tubular grafts were fully characterized through multiple techniques and the last step was to evaluate their drug release, antiplatelet and antimicrobial activity and cytocompatibility. The results suggested that these materials were capable of providing a sustained ASA release for periods of up to 2 weeks. Tubular grafts containing 10% (w/w) of ASA showed lower platelet adhesion onto the surface than the blank and grafts containing 5% (w/w) of ASA. Moreover, tubular grafts scaffolds containing 1% (w/w) of RIF were capable of inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. Finally, the evaluation of the cytocompatibility of the scaffold samples revealed that the incorporation of ASA or RIF into the composition did not compromise cell viability and proliferation at short incubation periods (24 h).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of 3D Printing for the Development of Biodegradable Antiplatelet Materials for Cardiovascular Applications

et al. 2021

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“…pH‐responsive polyelectrolytes or polymers are categorized as: (A) Polymers with acidic groups are called polyacid polymers and (B) Polymers with basic groups are called polybasic polymers 11 . The general characteristics of these polymers, their examples, and their respective modes of action have already been discussed.…”

Section: Classification Of Ph‐responsive Polymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because of their high target‐specificity, such polymeric systems can reduce side effects by decreasing dosage frequency and preventing off‐target drug delivery. This review explores various polyelectrolytes and polymeric scaffolds having potential applications in targeted drug delivery systems and precision medicine 11 . Table 1 shows a few examples of pH‐responsive polymers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

pH‐responsive polymers for drug delivery: Trends and opportunities

Singh,

Nayak

2023

Journal of Polymer Science

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Polymer science has applications in biomedical engineering, prosthetics, surgical implants, and prospective pharmaceutical excipients for drug delivery. “Intelligent or Smart Polymers” are created for drug targeting either by derivatization of natural polymers or controlled radical polymerization of electrolytes. Their mode of action is governed by the environmental stimuli viz. temperature, pH, ionic concentration, magnetism, and so on. pH‐responsive polymers, because of their self‐assembling behavior, alter their solubility, conformation, surface activity, and hydrophilicity when exposed to a specific pH. The physiological pH varies from acidic nuclei to alkaline cytoplasm and highly acidic gastric juice to slightly alkaline plasma; thus, various polymers are under study for delivering small molecules, genes, peptides, enzymes, growth factors, and antibodies. The non‐invasive drug delivery routes like oral, ocular, nasal, pulmonary, transdermal, and rectal routes can be explored for targeting recombinant proteins, monoclonal antibodies, and small molecules with particular emphasis on the individual's physiological and pathological state. Further, these polymers can be designed into various architectures like dendrimers, liposomes, micelles, and metallic nanoparticles that can serve as drug reservoirs for sustaining drug release. The challenges in this field are the selection of biocompatible polymers with ease of synthesis and scale‐up, ensuring effective drug‐loading, and stability aspects, producing robust pharmacological data, and timely regulatory approvals. This review exclusively explores the physicochemical characteristics of pH‐responsive polymers, their categorization, various architectural entities, recent studies and patents, and their emerging applications concerning specific diseases.

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“…In addition, A. platensis has no cellulose surfaces, making it edible and easy to digest [34]. A. platensis has a large amount of protein, with a dry weight of 60-70% [29,[35][36][37][38]. This is a complete protein surplus that includes all important amino acids that the human body requires, including leucine, isoleucine, and valine, with small amounts of methionine, cystine, and lysine [32,33] in comparison with normal proteins such as beef, egg or milk.…”

Section: Biochemical Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in delivery methods of Arthrospira platensis (spirulina) for enhanced therapeutic outcomes

et al. 2022

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Arthrospira platensis (A. platensis) aqueous extract has massive amounts of natural products that can be used as future drugs, such as C-phycocyanin, allophycocyanin, etc. This extract was chosen because of its high adaptability, which reflects its resolute genetic composition. The proactive roles of cyanobacteria, particularly in the medical field, have been discussed in this review, including the history, previous food and drug administration (FDA) reports, health benefits and the various dosedependent therapeutic functions that A. platensis possesses, including its role in fighting against lethal diseases such as cancer, SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19, etc. However, the remedy will not present its maximal effect without the proper delivery to the targeted place for deposition. The goal of this research is to maximize the bioavailability and delivery efficiency of A. platensis constituents through selected sites for effective therapeutic outcomes. The solutions reviewed are mainly on parenteral and tablet formulations. Moreover, suggested enteric polymers were discussed with minor composition variations applied for better storage in high humid countries alongside minor variations in the polymer design were suggested to enhance the premature release hindrance of basic drugs in low pH environments. In addition, it will open doors for research in delivering active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in femtoscale with the use of various existing and new formulations.

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Smart polymer composites in drug delivery

Cited by 5 publications

References 95 publications

Use of 3D Printing for the Development of Biodegradable Antiplatelet Materials for Cardiovascular Applications

Use of 3D Printing for the Development of Biodegradable Antiplatelet Materials for Cardiovascular Applications

pH‐responsive polymers for drug delivery: Trends and opportunities

Advances in delivery methods of Arthrospira platensis (spirulina) for enhanced therapeutic outcomes

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