Smart microsubmarine shells operated by controlled buoyancy force through metal-ion adsorption/desorption and their biosensor applications

Photonic Interpenetrating Polymer Network Fibers Comprising Intertwined Solid-State Cholesteric Liquid Crystal and Polyelectrolyte Networks for Sensor Applications

“…The urea concentration in the collected human sweat was also analyzed using an amino acid autoanalyzer (L-8900, Hitachi, Japan) with a column (PF#2622SCPF, 4.6 × 60 mm 2 , Hitachi Co., Japan) and a ninhydrin solution (Wako Pure Chemical Industrial Ltd., Japan). 32 Concentrated and diluted samples were prepared by adding urea (or glucose, CaCl 2 ) and mixing with DI water, respectively. Table 1 summarizes the C urea , C g , and C Ca values for the spike tests.…”

“…Sweat was collected from a healthy 35-year-old individual during indoor physical exercise using 4 mL glass vials; furthermore, commercial human serum (P2918 20 ML, Sigma-Aldrich, USA) was used. Real human sweat and serum were analyzed for urea and glucose spike tests, respectively. , The glucose concentration in the original human blood serum was determined using a high-performance liquid chromatography system (Model 600E, Waters Co.) equipped with a column (Sugar-Pak I column, 6.5 × 300 mm 2 , Waters Co.) and a refractive index detector (RI, Model 410). The urea concentration in the collected human sweat was also analyzed using an amino acid autoanalyzer (L-8900, Hitachi, Japan) with a column (PF#2622SCPF, 4.6 × 60 mm 2 , Hitachi Co., Japan) and a ninhydrin solution (Wako Pure Chemical Industrial Ltd., Japan) .…”

“…Photonic IPN structures are a system that can meet these effective diagnostic requirements. Photonic IPN films and droplets have been applied in glucose and urea biosensors by immobilizing their enzymes. − Polyelectrolyte networks in the photonic IPN films and droplets have been utilized for the development of urea and glucose biosensors. For example, a cationic polyelectrolyte of poly­(2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) was used for glucose sensing by immobilizing glucose oxidase (GOx) because the enzymatic reaction with glucose produces gluconic acid, which protonates PDMAEMA to be a cationic polyelectrolyte and swells its network through electrostatic repulsion among cationic chains .…”

Visualization of temperature distribution and flow behavior in water evaporation using water‐soluble spiropyran

“…Both thermocapillary and buoyancy convection are two crucial types of thermal flows. [1][2][3] Thermal flows play a significant role in various industrial manufacturing processes, including buoyant colloids aggregation, [4][5][6] droplet evaporation, 1,7,8 microfluidics smart valves, 9 and optofluidic applications. 10 Specifically, it is nonnegligible for driving forces (buoyancy and Marangoni forces) that induced thermal convection, which may change the water surface thermal field distribution and significantly affect the evaporation process.…”