Smart Metering based Approaches to Solve the Load Phase Balancing Problem in Low Voltage Distribution Networks

The Optimal Operation of Active Distribution Networks with Smart Systems

“…In this context, the DSOs should take the measures by installing, besides the smart meter, a device that allows switching from phase to phase in order to balance the phases. This measure should lead at the minimization of active power losses, which represents the cheapest resource of DSOs in order to improve the energy efficiency of distribution networks [10]. In [11] is presented a constructive variant for a digital microprocessor-based device.…”

“…Thus, in most cases the obtained values will close to 1.00. The CUF factor could be evaluated using the following equation [9,10], and the value should be under 1.10 p.u: a -the number of consumers connected on the phases a, b, and c, at the pole p; Nc (p) -the total number of consumers connected at the pole p; N p -the number of poles from the network; T-analysed period (24 h for a day or 169 h for a week).…”

“…The problem is solved with the combinatorial optimization. Generally, a combinatorial problem is solved by total or partial enumeration of the set of its solutions (noted with Ω) [10]. In the Total Enumeration method, finding the optimal allocation x* ∈ A, where A is the set of admissible solutions, requires the generation of all possible combinations of values given to the variables, for all elements from the set Ω, see Table 2.…”

“…The ADN were built one century ago and they have been renewed for decades to respond to changes of end-user needs. The electricity is produced in classical grids by the central power plants, transmitted and delivered through ADN to the end-user in a one-way direction [10]. LV ADN s supply a large number of one-phase consumers, connected in a three-phase grid.…”

“…For privacy reasons, the aggregator receives only the load reduction lDR i,h ,. For determining the optimal DR signal for each household, the Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm [10] is used. The solutions are encoded as number vectors in which each element describes the DR reduction applied to the load of each eligible consumer at hour h, as described in Figure 14.…”