Smart Management of the Production–Demand Binomial and the Active Participation of End-User through the Smart Metering Support

Abstract

At global level nowadays, there is a general movement towards the goal of a ‘zero-emission’ energy systems. It will require a necessary energy transition characterized by a continuous increase of generation facilities from renewable energy sources (RES), from a massive increase in energy efficiency and, contemporary, an increased use of electricity to meet the energy needs traditionally required through the direct use of fossil fuels. In order to provide end-users with a greater knowledge and awareness of their energy consumption and the benefits of distributed use of renewable energy sources, it is fundamental to employ a smart metering progress which can enable an evolved and ‘smart’ management of the production–demand binomial and an active participation in the energy system. The importance of functionalities implemented in a smart meter—for end-user engagement, empowerment, and awareness—is presented in the paper. For instance, we present a simple optimization functionality for photovoltaic (PV) and storage system sizing based on load and production duration curves and historical data collected by the smart meter with fine resolution. The ease of this functionality uses a data history with extremely high resolutions, which are able to measure the power ramps that occur when an appliance or any other load is connected. An example of application of the smart meter functionality and test cases’ analysis are reported to demonstrate the effectiveness of the tool.

A Renewable Energy Community of DC Nanogrids for Providing Balancing Services

“…It is worth underlining that the effectiveness of the proposed DBS for a single nanogrid, demonstrating how the single converters interfacing the nanogrid sources (PV plant, battery storage) operates based on the DC bus voltage changes, was reported by the authors in previous papers [10,11,44]. As before mentioned, the effectiveness of DBS is not influenced form the load variability, thus in this paper, the load modeling has not been investigated otherwise faced by the authors in [45,46].…”

“…It is worth underlining that the effectiveness of the proposed DBS for a single nanogrid, demonstrating how the single converters interfacing the nanogrid sources (PV plant, battery storage) operates based on the DC bus voltage changes, was reported by the authors in previous papers [10,11,44]. As before mentioned, the effectiveness of DBS is not influenced form the load variability, thus in this paper, the load modeling has not been investigated otherwise faced by the authors in [45,46]. The scheme of each nanogrid is illustrated in Figure 3 where PEIP, PEIB, PEIL, and PEIG are power electronic converters, which regulate for the nanogrid's power flows; more precisely, PEIP regulates the generation of PV plant, PEIB charges/discharges the batteries, PEIL supplies the loads, PEIG joins the nanogrid to the grid and regulates for the power flow at the meter.…”