Smart fuels - 'Controlled' chemically reacting

Maurice, Lourdes; Corporan, Edwin; Minus, Donald K.; Mantz, Ricardo J.; Edwards, T. B.; Wohlwend, K.; Harrison, William; Striebich, Richard C.; Sidhu, Sukh; Graham, J.; e, al

doi:10.2514/6.1999-4916

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Decalin, at 1.0% by volume, reduced pyrolytic deposits by 50% relative to the baseline fuel. [14][15][16][17] For these reasons, great interest is devoted to the use of decalin for surrogate jet fuels as well as an advanced fuel additive to suppress fuel deposits.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By donating hydrogen atoms to the radicals formed during the thermal decomposition process, hydrogen donor additives help to prevent the formation of various thermal deposits. Decalin, at 1.0% by volume, reduced pyrolytic deposits by 50% relative to the baseline fuel. − For these reasons, great interest is devoted to the use of decalin for surrogate jet fuels as well as an advanced fuel additive to suppress fuel deposits.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermal Decomposition of Decalin: An Ab Initio Study

Chae

Violi

2007

J. Org. Chem.

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Density functional theory calculations (B3LYP and BH&HLYP functionals) of the potential energy surface have been performed to investigate the mechanisms of decalin breakdown, and the Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus and transition state theory methods have been used to compute the high-pressure limit thermal rate constants for the new reaction pathways. The new pathways connect decalin to five primary monoaromatic species: benzene, toluene, styrene, ethylbenzene, and xylene. The reactions used for the new routes are carbon-carbon bond cleavage reaction, dissociation reaction, and hydrogen abstraction and addition reactions. A kinetic analysis was performed for pyrolytic conditions, and benzene, toluene, and xylene were identified as major products.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal Decomposition of Decalin: An Ab Initio Study

Chae

Violi

2007

J. Org. Chem.

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“…Liquid hydrocarbon (HC) fuels, on the other hand, have not been very useful for supersonic airbreathing applications because they are far less reactive, although they are obviously much easier to store and handle. Recently, endothermic catalytic cracking of HC fuels has also been investigated [1][2]. Difficult and competing objectives remain, however, to achieve ignition and robust combustion in relatively small subsonic cavity flameholders -so as to (a) generate rapid reaction with sufficient initial heat release, (b) avoid excessive internal drag and loss of net thrust, and (c) achieve needed "endothermic" heat soak in active cooling channels without the formation and deposition of significant carbon residues [2][3][4][5][6][7][8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Opposed Jet Burner Approach for Characterizing Flameholding Potentials of Hydrocarbon Scramjet Fuels

Pellett¹,

Convery²,

Wilson³

2006

42nd AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference &Amp;amp; Exhibit

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Opposed Jet Burner (OJB) tools have been used extensively by the authors to measure Flame Strength (FS) extinction limits of laminar H 2 /N 2 -air and (recently) hydrocarbon (HC)-air Counterflow Diffusion Flames (CFDFs) at one atm. This paper details normalization of FSs of N 2 -diluted H 2 and HC systems to account for effects of fuel composition, temperature, pressure, jet diameter, inflow Reynolds number, and inflow velocity profile (plug, contoured nozzle; and parabolic, straight tube). Normalized results exemplify a sensitive accurate means of validating, globally, reduced chemical kinetic models at ~ 1 atm and the relatively low temperatures approximating the loss of non-premixed "idealized" flameholding, e.g., in scramjet combustors.Laminar FS is defined locally as maximum air input velocity, U air , that sustains combustion of a counter-jet of g-fuel at extinction. It uniquely characterizes a fuel. And global axial strain rate at extinction (U air normalized by nozzle or tube diameter, D n or t ) can be compared directly with computed extinction limits, determined using either a 1-D Navier Stokes stream-function solution, using detailed transport and finite rate chemistry, or (better yet) a detailed 2-D Navier Stokes numerical simulation. The experimental results define an "idealized flameholding reactivity scale" that shows wide ranging (50 x) normalized FS's for various vaporized-liquid and gaseous HCs, including, in ascending order: JP-10, methane, JP-7, n-heptane, n-butane, propane, ethane, and ethylene. Results from H 2 -air produce a unique and exceptionally strong flame that agree within ~1% of a recent 2-D numerically simulated FS for a 3 mm tube-OJB. Thus we suggest that experimental FS's and/or FS ratios, for various neat and blended HCs w/ and w/o additives, offer accurate global tests of chemical kinetic models at the Ts and Ps of extinction.In conclusion, we argue the FS approach is more direct and fundamental, for assessing, e.g., idealized scramjet flameholding potentials, than measurements of laminar burning velocity or blowout in a Perfectly Stirred Reactor, because the latter characterize premixed combustion in the absence of aerodynamic strain. And FS directly measures a chemical kinetic characteristic of non-premixed combustion at typical flameholding temperatures. It mimics conditions where gfuels are typically injected into a subsonic flameholding recirculation zone that captures air, where the effects of aerodynamic strain and associated multi-component diffusion become important.

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“…The addition of 100 ppm of DCP in JP-8 fuel reduced the coke amount by 3 times. Maurice et al have examined the coking characteristics of n -heptane and JP-8+100 fuel in the presence of different additives, namely, TDA (preparatory material), decalin, and tetrahydroquinoline. Among the studied additives, decalin was found to be the most effective in decreasing coke propensity.…”

Section: Phenomena Of Coking During the Thermal Degradation Of Hydroc...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Heat Management in Supersonic/Hypersonic Vehicles Using Endothermic Fuel: Perspective and Challenges

et al. 2021

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In this study, an in-depth analysis has been performed on various technoengineering aspects of hydrocarbon cracking under supercritical conditions toward developing an endothermic fuel. The paper is segregated into several sections with specific emphasis. The major areas covered in this work include physicochemical characteristics of different endothermic fuels, supercritical pyrolysis of hydrocarbon fuels, phenomena of coking, and its suppression from an application viewpoint. The influence of various parameters (e.g., temperature, pressure, catalysts, space−time, etc.) on fuel conversion, endothermicity, and coke propensity has been emphasized in detail. The typical value of endothermic heat sink capacity for different fuels consisting of C 8 to C 15 hydrocarbons ranges from 500 to 1150 kJ/kg over temperature and pressure ranges of 550−750 °C and 25−55 bar, respectively. The effectiveness of various additives/initiators in improving endothermicity has been screened for wide ranges of temperature and pressure. Physicochemical properties like distillation characteristics, hydrocarbon composition, °API gravity, and sulfur content of different hydrocarbon fuels are compared in a single window. Most of the findings are abridged meticulously with relevant tables and plots. Toward the end, we have highlighted the critical issues/challenges on the experimental findings and prospective.

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Smart fuels - 'Controlled' chemically reacting

Cited by 10 publications

References 2 publications

Thermal Decomposition of Decalin: An Ab Initio Study

Thermal Decomposition of Decalin: An Ab Initio Study

Opposed Jet Burner Approach for Characterizing Flameholding Potentials of Hydrocarbon Scramjet Fuels

Heat Management in Supersonic/Hypersonic Vehicles Using Endothermic Fuel: Perspective and Challenges

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