Smart frequency control in low inertia energy systems based on frequency response techniques: A review

Cheng, Yi; Azizipanah‐Abarghooee, Rasoul; Azizi, Sadegh; Ding, Lei; Terzija, Vladimir

doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115798

Cited by 101 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 154 publications

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“…Optimization of the WT performance [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] WT health and condition monitoring Aerodynamics in WTs [30,34,[41][42][43][44][45][46] WT power curves [47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54] WT blades [43,[55][56][57] WT control [58][59][60][61][62][63][64] WT installation [65,66] WT life [22,67] WT manufacturing [68,69] Weibull functions in wind sector [70] CFD simulation techniques in WTs [71,72] Wake modeling in WFs [73][74][75][76]…”

Section: Topics Review Articlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such odd events also result in the fluctuation in the frequency; thus, inertia control is of utmost importance. In [61], the authors discussed the latest strategies and research done in recent years on the frequency control mechanisms used in the wind power integrated systems. Studies show that most of the strategies work on WT's operating point, and they generally come under the primary frequency control.…”

Section: Wt Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

A Review on State-of-the-Art Reviews in Wind-Turbine- and Wind-Farm-Related Topics

Sawant

Thakare

Rao³

et al. 2021

Energies

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For decades of wind energy technology developments, much research on the subject has been carried out, and this has given rise to many works encompassing different topics related to it. As a logical consequence of such a research and editorial activity, state-of-the-art review works have also been published, reporting about a wide variety of research proposals. Review works are particularly interesting documents for researchers because they try to gather different research works on the same topic present their achievements to researchers. They act, in a way, as a guidance for researchers to quickly access the most meaningful works. The proposal of this paper consists of going one step further, and to present a review of state-of-the-art review works on wind-energy-related issues. A classification into several main topics in the field of energy research has been done, and review works that can be classified in all these areas have been searched, analyzed, and commented on throughout the paper.

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Section: Topics Review Articlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Wt Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on State-of-the-Art Reviews in Wind-Turbine- and Wind-Farm-Related Topics

Sawant

Thakare

Rao³

et al. 2021

Energies

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“…Furthermore, for a further specific application in FR, the ESS can coordinate with the WF to prevent a second frequency drop (SFD) during the recovery of generator rotor speed of WTs [17]. Some review papers have organized several frequency control techniques for WTs [17] - [22]. The authors in [23] discussed the limitations of frequency support techniques for WTs and advised that the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm, minimum operating rotor speed, and nonlinearities and optimization of the frequency support be further investigated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview of Frequency-Control Technologies for a VSC-HVDC-Integrated Wind Farm

Lin

2021

IEEE Access

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In modern power systems, the increasing penetration of renewable energy resources has reduced the overall system inertia. However, the intermittent nature of wind power generation reduces frequency stability, which is a crucial issue. Consequently, modern power systems require that renewable energy sources, such as offshore wind farms, support the frequency regulation. High voltage direct current (HVDC) systems based on voltage source converters (VSCs) are currently being used to connect wind farms with the main grid. By adjusting the DC-link voltage of the VSC-HVDC, a capacitor can absorb or release energy to provide frequency support. In addition, the VSC-HVDC system can coordinate wind farms to support frequency regulation and thereby achieve better performance. Thus, this paper reviews and compares various frequency-control strategies for a VSC-HVDC-connected wind farm. This work implements in PSCAD/EMTDC a simulation of typical frequency-control techniques to verify their effectiveness and robustness. Furthermore, this paper shows the advantages and drawbacks of each frequency regulation method. Other auxiliary services for supporting frequency regulation, such as by energy storage systems, are also discussed. Finally, this paper provides complete recommendations for frequency regulation techniques for VSC-HVDC-integrated wind farms.

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“…Thus, the number of other energy units that provide controllable power for primary and secondary control, decreases and as a result, the frequency deviation would increase [10]. To overcome the challenges of frequency instability, renewable energy resources must be developed so that they can participate in frequency regulation and increase system stability [11]. In off-grid MGs, DERs are used to regulate power and load perturbations by injecting or absorbing power result in adjusting the frequency of the MG.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The main aim of this paper is to reduce the frequency oscillation of the MG. Equation (11) shows one of the fitness functions. As wind turbine and the Ultracapacitor should participate in the inertia response of studied MG to solve high df/dt challenge, df/dt in the optimization of the control parameters must be considered.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Inertia Response Coordination Strategy of Wind Generators and Hybrid Energy Storage and Operation Cost-Based Multi-Objective Optimizing of Frequency Control Parameters

et al. 2021

Self Cite

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Due to the high penetration of renewable energy resources in microgrids (MGs), the grid inertia becomes low which leads to the grid to be vulnerable to large disturbances. The energy storage devices can play an important role to enhance the inertia of MGs. However, due to the high investment cost of storages or their dp/dt limitation, the installed energy storages cannot cover the challenge of high df/dt. A prominent solution to solve the problem is to use the inertia response of the wind generators. However, relatively high second frequency nadir is the main drawback of using the inertia response of the wind generators which may impose an extensive disturbance to MGs. Accordingly, a coordinated operation strategy for MGs between wind generator and hybrid energy storage (HES) system is proposed in this paper. In addition, to improve the inertia response of the MG; providing high-quality communication infrastructures with low delay and increasing the Ultracapacitor capacity have been paid attention. In this paper, the costs of the installed Ultracapacitor and quality of communication services are defined as the operation cost. Guaranteeing enough frequency damping for the MG with low operation cost are two conflict objectives. Therefore, a multi-objective optimization method is used to set the controllers' values and reduce the operation cost. The results confirmed that the effectiveness of the proposed strategy to control hybrid power storage in coordination with the wind generator and the frequency recovery process is improved. Also, employing the optimum values guaranteed the frequency damping effectively with low operation cost. The Integral Absolute Error (IAE) value and operation cost are reduced by 13.6% and 32%, respectively. Also, the simulation results show that the maximum MG frequency deviation and maximum df/dt is well compatible with different standards in the presence of load perturbations and different wind speeds.INDEX TERMS Microgrid (MG), Frequency control, Wind generator, Hybrid energy storage (HES), Ultra-capacitor, Inertia response, Multi-objective optimization.

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Smart frequency control in low inertia energy systems based on frequency response techniques: A review

Abstract: This is a repository copy of Smart frequency control in low inertia energy systems based on frequency response techniques: A review.

Cited by 101 publications

References 154 publications

A Review on State-of-the-Art Reviews in Wind-Turbine- and Wind-Farm-Related Topics

A Review on State-of-the-Art Reviews in Wind-Turbine- and Wind-Farm-Related Topics

Overview of Frequency-Control Technologies for a VSC-HVDC-Integrated Wind Farm

Inertia Response Coordination Strategy of Wind Generators and Hybrid Energy Storage and Operation Cost-Based Multi-Objective Optimizing of Frequency Control Parameters

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