Smart Eye Camera: A Validation Study for Evaluating the Tear Film Breakup Time in Human Subjects

Artificial Intelligence to Estimate the Tear Film Breakup Time and Diagnose Dry Eye Disease

“…14 Our model imitates these examination methods by lming the objective ndings using a recordable slit-lamp device, which showed performance comparable with that of a conventional slit-lamp microscope in humans. 19 This imitation gives our model an advantage, contributing to its high performance. To improve the performance of our model, more data, especially "breakup positive" data, would have to be accumulated due to the asymmetry of the datasets (breakup positive vs. negative = 5,936 vs. 10,504 frames).…”

“…14 SEC exposes the ocular surface to blue light of 488 nm wavelength emitted by the smartphone light source to enhance the uorescence of the dye. 19,20 The uorescence-enhanced image is recorded via the video function of the smartphone with the convex lens above the camera. An iPhone 7 or iPhone SE2 (Apple Inc., Cupertino, CA, USA) was used, with the resolution of the video set as 720 x 1280 to 1080 x 1920 pixels and the frame rate set as 30 or 60 frames per second.…”

“…SEC is a smartphone attachment that converts the smartphone light source to cobalt blue light and magni es x10 to record a video of the ocular surface. 19,20 Animal and clinical studies have demonstrated su cient function in the diagnosis of DED compared with conventional slit-lamp microscopes. 19,20 Moreover, the application of simple DED diagnosis criteria, comprising subjective symptoms and an objective TFBUT by the Asia Dry Eye Society (ADES), [21][22][23] has aided in creating an AI model.…”

Clinical Observation of Tear Film Breakup Time with A Novel Smartphone-Attachable Technology

“…Hiroyuki Yazu et al developed the "Smart Eye Camera (SEC)," a smartphone-based anterior segment examining device, and demonstrated its diagnostic effectiveness for DED. The device was registered as a medical device in Japan (Japan Medical Device registration number 13B2 10198030101) [12,13,20] . Compared with the SEC, our LAS has more advantages: (1) it can use the light source of the attached cellphone for blue light, with no need for additional light support; (2) the lens is designed to have a xed distance of 4 cm off the cornea, which is another bene t of LAS.…”

“…However, the conventional slit-lamp microscope evaluation is generally restricted by its necessity and requirement of both instrument and eye doctors. This restriction might limit the accessibility of this exam among certain patients, such as bedbound patients, poorly cooperative patients due to age or mental status, or people in isolation, etc [12][13][14][15] . Even though with the availability of potable slit-lamp microscopes, documentation through photos or videos remains to be an issue.…”