Smart Contract Development: Challenges and Opportunities

Zou, Weiqin; Lo, David; Kochhar, Pavneet Singh; Le, Xuan-Bach D.; Xia, Xin; Feng, Yang; Chen, Zhenyu; Xu, Bin

doi:10.1109/tse.2019.2942301

Cited by 423 publications

(206 citation statements)

References 116 publications

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“…• Automation. Blockchain systems allow smart contracts [57], [58], where approved contractual clauses are transformed into executable computer programs and are executed automatically when a certain condition is satisfied. The execution of each contract statement will be recorded as an immutable transaction in the blockchain.…”

Section: A Blockchainmentioning

confidence: 99%

Convergence of Blockchain and Edge Computing for Secure and Scalable IIoT Critical Infrastructures in Industry 4.0

Dai

Wang

2021

IEEE Internet Things J.

213

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Critical infrastructure systems are vital to underpin the functioning of a society and economy. Due to ever-increasing number of Internet-connected Internet-of-Things (IoTs) / Industrial IoT (IIoT), and high volume of data generated and collected, security and scalability are becoming burning concerns for critical infrastructures in industry 4.0. The blockchain technology is essentially a distributed and secure ledger that records all the transactions into a hierarchically expanding chain of blocks. Edge computing brings the cloud capabilities closer to the computation tasks. The convergence of blockchain and edge computing paradigms can overcome the existing security and scalability issues. In this paper, we first introduce the IoT/IIoT critical infrastructure in industry 4.0, and then we briefly present the blockchain and edge computing paradigms. After that, we show how the convergence of these two paradigms can enable secure and scalable critical infrastructures. Then, we provide a survey on state-of-the-art for security and privacy, and scalability of IoT/IIoT critical infrastructures. A list of potential research challenges and open issues in this area is also provided, which can be used as useful resources to guide future research.

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Section: A Blockchainmentioning

confidence: 99%

Convergence of Blockchain and Edge Computing for Secure and Scalable IIoT Critical Infrastructures in Industry 4.0

Dai

Wang

2021

IEEE Internet Things J.

213

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“…Blockchain utilizes asymmetric cryptographic building blocks to encrypt data, whose security generally relies on the underpinning consensus algorithm (empowered by the majority of the participants). Smart contracts [7] are a key component of blockchain, enabling self-execution of a program when certain terms are met. Hence, they can be used to facilitate automated privacy preservation.…”

Section: Blockchain For Privacy Preservationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blockchain-Based Privacy Preservation for 5G-Enabled Drone Communications

Dai

Wang

et al. 2021

IEEE Network

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5G-enabled drones have potential applications in a variety of both military and civilian settings (e.g., monitoring and tracking of individuals in demonstrations and/or enforcing of social / physical distancing during pandemics such as COVID-19). Such applications generally involve the collection and dissemination of (massive) data from the drones to remote data centres for storage and analysis, for example via 5G networks. Consequently, there are security and privacy considerations underpinning 5G-enabled drone communications. We posit the potential of leveraging blockchain to facilitate privacy preservation, and therefore in this article we will review existing blockchain-based solutions after introducing the architecture for 5G-enabled drone communications and blockchain. We will also review existing legislation and data privacy regulations that need to be considered in the design of blockchain-based solutions, as well as identifying potential challenges and open issues which will hopefully inform future research agenda.

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“…The significance of blockchain and smart contracts is that manual contracts can now be implemented digitally in code which is executed by the blockchain network. Since smart contracts are stored on the blockchain, they are transparent and cannot be altered or deleted [ 23 ].…”

Section: Distributed Ledger Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Threat Modeling—How to Visualize Attacks on IOTA?

Ullah

Roode

Meratnia

et al. 2021

Sensors

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Internet of Things (IoT) has been deployed in a vast number of smart applications with the aim to bring ease and comfort into our lives. However, with the expansion of IoT applications, the number of security and privacy breaches has also increased, which brings into question the resilience of existing security and trust mechanisms. Furthermore, the contemporaneous centralized technology is posing significant challenges viz scalability, transparency and efficiency to wide range of IoT applications such as smart logistics, where millions of IoT devices need to be connected simultaneously. Alternatively, IOTA is a distributed ledger technology that offers resilient security and trust mechanisms and a decentralized architecture to overcome IoT impediments. IOTA has already been implemented in many applications and has clearly demonstrated its significance in real-world applications. Like any other technology, IOTA unfortunately also encounters security vulnerabilities. The purpose of this study is to explore and highlight security vulnerabilities of IOTA and simultaneously demonstrate the value of threat modeling in evaluating security vulnerabilities of distributed ledger technology. IOTA vulnerabilities are scrutinized in terms of feasibility and impact and we have also presented prevention techniques where applicable. To identify IOTA vulnerabilities, we have examined existing literature and online blogs. Literature available on this topic is very limited so far. As far as we know IOTA has barely been addressed in the traditional journals, conferences and books. In total we have identified six vulnerabilities. We used Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS v3.0) to further categorize these vulnerabilities on the basis of their feasibility and impact.

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Smart Contract Development: Challenges and Opportunities

Cited by 423 publications

References 116 publications

Convergence of Blockchain and Edge Computing for Secure and Scalable IIoT Critical Infrastructures in Industry 4.0

Convergence of Blockchain and Edge Computing for Secure and Scalable IIoT Critical Infrastructures in Industry 4.0

Blockchain-Based Privacy Preservation for 5G-Enabled Drone Communications

Threat Modeling—How to Visualize Attacks on IOTA?

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