“…In this nano era, more and more “top-down” and “bottom-up” techniques are developed for bioengineering and biotechnology, accompanied with a series of novel functional materials such as hydrogels and new types of polymers ( Li et al, 2022b ; Zhang et al, 2022b ; Wang et al, 2022c ; Wang et al, 2022d Song et al, 2022 ; Wang and Feng, 2022 ; Zhu et al, 2022 ) and even inorganic nanoparticles ( Tang et al, 2022b ; Chen et al, 2022c ; Wu et al, 2022 ). The present protocols showed a frontier, in which the combination of a top-down electrospinning and a bottom-up of molecular self-emulsifying was explored to fabricate biomedical materials for resolving one of the most difficult challenges, i.e.…”