Smallpox and Its Eradication in Finland: Implications for Disease Control

Pitkänen, Kari; Mielke, James H.; Jorde, Lynn B.

doi:10.1080/0032472031000143866

Cited by 26 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Alstrom (1958), who examined patterns of first-cousin marriage in Sweden, also failed to find an association between these two variables. On the other did correlate negain Finland, as prereflect the fact that most members of a parish did come into contact with one another through churchrelated activities, a fact which has been shown to be important in e idemic transmission (Jorde et al, 1989). .fp hus, these activities facilitated contact of a certain number of peo le, regardless of opulation density.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…The quality and availability of these records, as well as Finland's distinctive distribution of genetic diseases, has led to a number of demographic (Mielke et at., 19871, epidemiologic (Mielke et al, 1984;., 1989; Jorde et al, 1989Jorde et al, , 1990, and population enetic studies (e.g., Jorde et a]., 1982; 1981; OBrien et al, 1988a,b; Pitkanen et al, 1988; Rogers and Jorde, 1987; Workman et al, 1976).…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Inbreeding in Finland

Jorde

Pitkänen

1991

American J Phys Anthropol

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

We have compiled data on the frequency of first-cousin marriages in Finland using royal dispensation records for the time period 1810-1872 and national population statistics for the time period 1878-1920. For the earlier period, 0.315% of Finland's marriages were contracted between first cousins (2,331 of 739,387). During the second time period, 0.174% of Finland's marriages took place between first cousins (1,325 of 761,976). These figures, which yield average kinship coefficients of 0.00020 and 0.00011, respectively, show that the level of inbreeding in Finland due to first-cousin marriage has been quite low. An analysis of individual parishes shows that first-cousin marriages are, on average, substantially less frequent than predicted by a random-mating model. In order to evaluate determinants of first-cousin marriage, several predictive variables have been examined: parish ethnic composition (proportion of Swedish and Finnish speakers), husband's occupation (graded into 6 socioeconomic levels), geographic distance between spouses' premarital residences, population density, parish endogamy, and urban vs. rural residence. Various logistic and linear regression models were analyzed in which consanguinity was the dependent variable. The best predictors of consanguinity were ethnic composition and occupation. The other variables were not in general significant predictors. These results show that many of the "mate availability" factors that would be predicted theoretically to account for consanguinity variation (population density, geographic isolation, urban vs. rural residence) do not. Instead, the best predictors of consanguinity at the first-cousin level are cultural factors such as ethnicity and occupation. Evaluation of cultural variables can provide a greatly enriched interpretation of complex biosocial phenomena such as inbreeding.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

mentioning

confidence: 97%

Inbreeding in Finland

Jorde

Pitkänen

1991

American J Phys Anthropol

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…A second question of particular interest to anthropologists is the effect of infectious diseases on the demographic structure of a population. There have been a number of historical epidemiological studies of the spread of smallpox on the &and Islands, Finland, and on the Finnish mainland during the 18th and 19th centuries (Jorde et al, 1989a,b;Mielke et al, 1984;Pitkanen et al, 1989). These papers analyze the effects o f smallpox on the demographic structure of these populations both before and after the widespread use of vaccination.…”

Section: Major Questions Of Interest To Epldemic Modelersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling the spread of infectious disease in human populations

Sattenspiel

1990

Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

For the past 20 years, there has been an epidemic associated with the development of mathematical models to describe the spread of disease. This epidemic shows no signs yet of dying out. Four major topics related to this discipline are discussed here, including the following: 1) a n introduction to the basic assumptions and general framework common to most epidemic models; 2 ) a discussion of the major questions addressed by epidemic modelers; 3) a brief outline of several of the approaches used in the development of disease models; and 4) reviews of models that have been developed for influenza, malaria, and AIDS. The utility of these models and suggestions for contributions that anthropologists can make to this field are also discussed.Over the last few decades, the number of models developed to describe the spread of disease has been rapidly increasing. In 1975 Norman T. J. Bailey published the second edition of his classic review, The Mathematical Theory of Infectious Diseases. The bibliography of this book documents 539 articles on mathematical epidemiology written between 1900 and 1973. Of these 539 papers, 336 (62%) were published between 1964 and 1973. The distribution of these papers by year is given in Figure 1 and looks remarkably like the beginning of an epidemic curve for a disease that is not transmitted easily, but that spreads rapidly once there is a critical number of infected individuals, Extrapolating this curve to include the years from 1974 to 1989 gives one an idea of the quantity of papers now to be found that incorporate some aspect of the development or analysis of mathematical models for disease spread.To avoid updating and expanding Bailey's 1975 monograph, this paper will review only models addressing the spread of human disease. However, because of the volume of these papers, only a select portion of the literature on human epidemic models will be included. First, there will be a discussion of the important biological and social factors that may be incorporated into epidemic models. Second, there will be a n overview of the major questions leading to the development of epidemic models. This will be followed by a review of the major approaches to the modeling of infectious diseases. Finally, applications of these approaches to three diseases-malaria, influenza, and AIDS-will be considered. The models developed for these diseases and the application of these models to actual populations contain much of interest to anthropologists. INTRODUCTlON TO EPIIIEMIC MODELSInfectious diseases are transmitted as a result of direct or indirect contact between a n infectious person and a susceptible person. Consequently, models for the transmission of infectious diseases in human populations must consider a t least these two types of individuals. The population size is usually assumed to be a constant, N , so that S + I = N , where S is the number of susceptible individuals and I is the number of infective individuals. Many models also assume that there is no migration and that there are no b...

show abstract

“…Finnish archival records permit such analyses of pre-industrial population dynamics (Pitkgnen and Nieminen, 1984;Pitk~inen et al, 1989). These sources enable one to study the population crisis that occurred in the ~dand archipelago in 1808-09 (The War of Finland) when Sweden and Russia fought for possession of Finland, at this time part of a Sweden.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

War demography: The impact of the 1808–09 War on the civilian population of Åland, Finland

Mielke

Pitkänen

1989

Eur J Population

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

"A pre-industrial population crisis caused by a war is examined using Finnish historical records. During the War of Finland (1808-09) the Swedish military deployed on the Aland Islands helped spread infectious diseases among the civilian population. The result was a short but intense period of high mortality. This article focuses on the short-term demographic impact of this crisis. Changes in age-specific and sex-specific mortality, fertility, and nuptiality are explored....A projection, assuming that the crisis did not occur, indicates that Aland's population losses were never compensated." (SUMMARY IN FRE)

show abstract

Smallpox and Its Eradication in Finland: Implications for Disease Control

Cited by 26 publications

References 0 publications

Inbreeding in Finland

Inbreeding in Finland

Modeling the spread of infectious disease in human populations

War demography: The impact of the 1808–09 War on the civilian population of Åland, Finland

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About