Smallholders’ livelihoods in the presence of commercial farms in central Kenya

Developing Livelihood Resilience through Adaptive Strategies and Government Interventions during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case Study on the Small-Scale Fishermen in Tacloban City, Philippines

“…Meanwhile, an economically sustainable livelihood preserves and improves the resources that livelihoods depend on while also being helpful to other livelihoods. As a result, sustainable livelihood is characterized as the capacity and means to meet the fundamental requirements of a population in a resilient manner (Chambers & Conway, 1992;Gaillard et al, 2009;Giger et al, 2022;Pangali Sharma et al, 2022). Ensuring self-sufficiency and livelihood strategies may safeguard both individuals and families.…”

Relational rationality in land- and water use: facing Mount Kenya in times of change

“…To sustainably produce enough for the markets throughout the year, farmers mostly use river water to irrigate their crops. Access to irrigation water increases chances to engage in irrigated farming (Giger et al, 2022). Therefore, most of the irrigation is done in the water-abundant upper and middle zone, reducing water availability downstream .…”

“…Ancestors were considered the least important reference group. This is possibly because most of the farmers, who came from different parts of Kenya, settled in the region more than 20 years ago, and their norms blended with time into one, forming new practices that were compatible with local conditions (Giger et al, 2022). This scenario may change if a similar study is conducted in an indigenous community which these farmers originated from; there is likely to be a self-selected difference between those who emigrate and those who stay.…”

“…Although it was not explicitly highlighted, a possible occurrence of relational rationality (including reference groups identified in this thesis), was noted in other studies. Where farmer's decisions would tend to be aligned to perceived prefer-ences of reference groups in their social world for instance, members of the community water project (Giroux et al, 2022), extension workers and social groups (Mutea et al, 2020), large-scale commercial farmers and agro-export companies (Giger et al, 2022;Ulrich, 2014;Zaehringer et al, 2018). This thesis covered extensively, rationality from the perspective of relations that humans have with their reference groups.…”