Smallholders caught in poverty - flickering signs of agricultural dynamism.

Jirström, Magnus; Djurfeldt, Agnes Andersson; Djurfeldt, Göran

doi:10.1079/9781845937164.0074

Cited by 36 publications

(21 citation statements)

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“…This is because the agricultural sector in the sub-Saharan African countries is highly characterized by decreasing farm sizes, low levels of output per farm, and a high degree of subsistence farming (Jirstrom et al, 2011). The agricultural activities in rural Ethiopia is also dominated by smallholders, the majority cultivating less than 0.5 ha and producing mostly basic staples for the subsistence of their households.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants of livelihood diversification strategies: The case of smallholder rural farm households in Debre Elias Woreda, East Gojjam Zone, Ethiopia

Yizengaw¹,

Okoyo²,

Beyene³

2015

Afr. J. Agric. Res.

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Smallholder rural farm households face an increasing need of looking for alternative income sources to supplement their small scale agricultural activities. However, livelihood diversification is determined by complex and yet empirically untested factors in Debre Elias Woreda. Thus, the aim of this study is to assess the determinants of livelihood diversification strategies in the study area. The data were collected through both primary and secondary data collection methods. The data were obtained from 160 sample household heads that were selected through a combination of two-stage, purposive and simple random sampling techniques. The descriptive statistics were used to identify the livelihood strategies and the livelihood assets. The finding of the survey result indicates that much of the rural households (61%) in the study area practice diversified livelihood strategies that combined on-farm activities with non/off-farm activities. Multinomial logit model applied to investigate the determinant factors influencing the households' choice of livelihood strategies. In this regard, the econometric analysis demonstrated that out of the total sixteen variables included in the model only seven variables including land size, livestock holding size, sex of household head, mass media, market distance, total annual household income, and urban linkage are found to be the significant determinants up to 10% probability levels. The results of this study suggest that both agricultural intensification and non/offfarm diversification should be strengthened to attain smallholder households' livelihood security.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants of livelihood diversification strategies: The case of smallholder rural farm households in Debre Elias Woreda, East Gojjam Zone, Ethiopia

Yizengaw¹,

Okoyo²,

Beyene³

2015

Afr. J. Agric. Res.

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“…Over the last two decades, it has not been able to produce sufficient food to feed the country's rapidly growing population. A close look at the country's declining agricultural outputs and at the same time, ever increasing population growth begs for a search of alternatives [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rural Farm Households’ Income Diversification: The Case of Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia

Gecho¹

2017

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Abstract:Despite the economic dominance of agriculture in the study area, farm households widely practice diverse income generating activities as livelihood strategies to overcome diverse challenges and risks. The existing capacity of agriculture to attain food and livelihood security is tremendously declining from time to time. The main aim of this study was to identify the determinants of farmers' participation in income diversification in the study area. The study involved primary data which were collected from randomly selected 300 households in four districts of the zone. For selection of study units probability proportional to the size was applied and respondents were selected through systematic sampling technique. In addition, key informant interview and focus group discussion were used to supplement the survey with qualitative information. Secondary data were also collected from various relevant sources. Descriptive statistics were applied to characterize the sample households' social, economic, demographic and institutional factors. The findings of the study indicates that rural households in the study area practice diversified income sources, in that about 57.7% of the households combine agriculture with other activities (non/off-farm). Some farmers were pursuing non-farm and off-farm activities as the primary income sources rather than agriculture. Considering the wealth status, the poor households derive almost half (50%) of their income from nonagricultural activities whereas the latter accounts for only 6.4% of the income of the better-off households'. Binary logit model was applied to investigate factors influencing the households' participation in income diversification. In this regard, out of total explanatory variables included in the model, 8 were significant. The results confirm that factors such as sex, farm size, livestock ownership, oxen ownership, education, leadership, annual cash income and market distance were key determinants of farmers' participation in income diversification. Further, the study identifies income diversification as a cumulative effects of several factors, and therefore urges policy makers to give due attention to them with a view to overcoming the challenging bottlenecks.

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“…Poverty has been on a steady rise particularly in rural communities (UNDP, 2008) where farming as the primary source of earning has not assured sufficient livelihood (Babatunde, 2013). This is because Nigeria, like many other sub-Saharan African countries, has an agricultural sector that is highly characterised by a decline in farm sizes, reduced agricultural productivity, and a high degree of peasant farming (Jirström, Andersson Djurfeldt, & Djurfeldt, 2011). Diversification of rural households' income is vital to survival.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of income diversification on the livelihood of rural farming households in Kwara State, Nigeria

2020

KJSS

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Natural rubber on the world market has had small increases in demand and big increases in supply. Therefore, demand and supply are imbalanced and this impacts the natural rubber price of the world market causing a decline. This study aimed: (1) to develop de-mand and supply models to predict the world natural rubber quantity using simultaneous equations;(2) to predict all explanatory variables in the demand and supply models using the simple moving average technique; and (3) to estimate the equilibrium quantity and price for world natural rubber during 2017e2026. First, in the demand model, there was a positive relationship of the explanatory variables of world natural rubber production quantity, synthetic rubber price, percentage year of year (%YOY) of gross domestic product (GDP), and the exchange rate, while the negative relationship variable was natural rubber price. In the supply model, the positive relationship variables were natural rubber price, mature area, rainfall, and crude oil price, while the negative relationship variables were world natural rubber stock and urea price. Second, the predicted variables indicated that production, %YOY of GDP, exchange rate, amount of stock, and the mature area tended to gradually increase, while the synthetic rubber price, urea price, rainfall, and crude oil price tended to slowly decrease from 2017 to 2026. Finally, the equilibrium quantity forecast tended to gradually increase from 953.75 to 957.15 thousand tonnes, and the equilibrium price tended to fluctuate and decrease from 169.78 to 162.05 thousand yen from 2017 to 2026. Consequently, this study may be helpful to the governments of the world's important natural rubber producing countries to plan policies to reduce natural rubber production costs and stabilize the natural rubber price in the future, such as by setting suitable areas of world natural rubber plantation in each country, and defining appropriate and sustainable alternative crop areas in each country. AbstractChallenges such as those poised by climate change and farmers-herdsmen conflicts have increased income diversification among farmers in Nigeria. While rural income diversification has been applauded as insurance against the risks inherent in farming, its potentials to compete for the resources and attention of farmers may have negative consequences for agricultural production food security, and the livelihood of rural households. Specifically, the study described the socio-economic characteristics of rural households in the study area, examined the number of income sources of rural households, determined the contributions of different income sources to the overall household income, and assessed the livelihood status of rural households. A three-stage random sampling technique produced a sample size of 160. Data was obtained through an interview schedule. Descriptive statistics and Pearson's Product Moment Correlation were used for data analyses. Findings revealed that rural household heads were predominantly male (85%), with a mean age of 51.6 ...

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Smallholders caught in poverty - flickering signs of agricultural dynamism.

Cited by 36 publications

References 0 publications

Determinants of livelihood diversification strategies: The case of smallholder rural farm households in Debre Elias Woreda, East Gojjam Zone, Ethiopia

Determinants of livelihood diversification strategies: The case of smallholder rural farm households in Debre Elias Woreda, East Gojjam Zone, Ethiopia

Rural Farm Households’ Income Diversification: The Case of Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia

Effect of income diversification on the livelihood of rural farming households in Kwara State, Nigeria

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