Smallholder Adoption of Tree Crops: A Case Study of Cocoa in Sulawesi

Jamal, Sofyan; Pomp, Marc

doi:10.1080/00074919312331336461

Cited by 15 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Either the trees themselves become the most important component (Peluso, 1996) or the trees form part of a total landscape manipulated by the community as a means of resisting outside pressure (Mayer, 1996). Before exploring these ideas in more detail, let us examine the situation in part of Sulawesi, which in recent years has experienced a smallholder-led boom in cocoa (Jamal and Pomp, 1993;Akiyama and Nishio, 1997). Li and Mamar (1991) in their study of the Tinombo region of Central Sulawesi, describe a district in which isolation and a lack of desired timber species enabled indigenous people to pursue their agricultural strategies undisturbed by either logging companies or officials.…”

Section: Owned Trees On the Land'mentioning

confidence: 99%

Agricultural Intensification in Indonesia: Outside Pressures and Indigenous Strategies

Potter

2001

Asia Pacific Viewpoint

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Extremely high population densities conventionally demand a preliminary look at intensification in Java, in both lowland and upland agriculture. However, the major focus of this paper is on intensification processes under more moderate population pressure on the islands outside Java. Government initiatives during the Suharto era often constrained land use decisions at local level. Of particular importance were restrictive forest classifications and intrusion by outside companies into the lands of indigenous groups. Timber plantations and oil palm estates occupied large areas, thus forcing intensification of swidden agriculture. Elaboration of this concept of forced intensification' examines the impacts on local systems and notes indigenous responses of compliance or resistance. The processes of independent intensification have revolved around the move from dryland swidden to managed agroforest, sometimes with accompanying wet rice. Government slowness in recognising agroforests, plus the commodity export boom during the economic crisis, have tended to favour monocultures over more complex systems. Recent price declines, exposing monoculture vulnerability, are encouraging a return to mixed tree crops. A final section examines intensification in response to a niche market, as a tourism industry which values the pseudo-cultural images evoked by indigenous roof thatch has induced intensive management of Imperata grass in Bali and Lombok.

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Section: Owned Trees On the Land'mentioning

confidence: 99%

Agricultural Intensification in Indonesia: Outside Pressures and Indigenous Strategies

Potter

2001

Asia Pacific Viewpoint

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“…The rate of cash crop adoption in the study regions jumped abruptly from low to high, a feature that is appreciable in other empirical S-curves of agricultural innovation [118][119][120]. In Oudomsin, the jump lies at around 8% for rubber and 5% for banana (figure 3a,c), which is at the lower end of reported group sizes of 10-40% in social tipping processes [26,117].…”

Section: Sudden Jumps In Adoptionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Crop booms as regime shifts

Junquera,

Schlüter,

Rocha

et al. 2024

R. Soc. Open Sci.

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A crop boom is a sudden, nonlinear and intense expansion of a new crop. Despite their large impacts, boom-bust dynamics are not well understood; booms are largely unpredictable and difficult to steer once they unfold. Based on the striking resemblances between land regime shifts and crop booms, we apply complex systems theory, highlighting the potential for regime shifts, to provide new insights about crop boom dynamics. We analyse qualitative and quantitative data of rubber and banana plantation expansion in two forest frontier regions of northern Laos. We show that preconditions , including previous booms, explain the occurrence (why) of booms, and triggers like policy and market changes explain their timing (when). Yet, the most important features of booms, their intensity and nonlinearity (how), strongly depended on internal self-reinforcing feedbacks . We identify built-in feedbacks (neighbourhood effects and imitation) and emergent feedbacks (land rush) and show that they were social in nature, multi-scale from plot to region and subject to thresholds. We suggest that these are regular features of booms and propose a definition and causal-mechanistic explanation of crop booms, examining the overlap between booms and regime shifts and the role of frontiers. We then identify opportunities for management interventions before, during and after booms.

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“…'Population density 1s estimated to be 5 per ha L n Southeast Sulawesi, much lower than in South Sulawesi, where it is 20D per ha. 301drr f a r m i appear to engage L n more mixcd culture Jamal and Pomp (1993) report. for rxamplp, that the mqority of cocoa producing smallholders they surveyed in the regencies of Mamuju and Polervaii in South Sulawesi were performing mixcd culture Indonesian smallholders have enjoyed the lowest 'cost on leaving the country' (table 1) The impact of profitability on the production of tree crops is significant, and Akiyama and Trivedi (1987) analysed this relahonship theoretically and empirically.…”

Section: Production Marketing a N D Distribution Systemsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Sulawesi's Cocoa Boom: Lessons of Smallholder Dynamism and a Hands-Off Policy

Akiyama¹,

Nishio²

1997

Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies

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The rapid expansion of cocoa production on the Indonesian island of Sulawesi over the last decade surprised the world, not least because it came mainly from smallholders This paper examines government policies that have affected the subsector, and identifies issues it faces. The study concludes that the following factors contributed to the expansion, the availability of suitable land; low production costs; a highly competitive marketing system (a result of the government s policy of limited intervention), relatively good transport infrastructure, favourable macroeconomic policies, and smallholder entrepreneurship. It is particularly important that Indonesia s government left cocoa marketing and distribution free of many of the interventions applied to other commodities. Because of the competitive marketing system, the farmgate price of cocoa in Indonesia is very high relative to the export price Issues that must be addressed if cocoa is to develop further include product quality, the 'adding-up' problem, pest control and VAT.

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Smallholder Adoption of Tree Crops: A Case Study of Cocoa in Sulawesi

Cited by 15 publications

References 4 publications

Agricultural Intensification in Indonesia: Outside Pressures and Indigenous Strategies

Agricultural Intensification in Indonesia: Outside Pressures and Indigenous Strategies

Crop booms as regime shifts

Sulawesi's Cocoa Boom: Lessons of Smallholder Dynamism and a Hands-Off Policy

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