Small-time local controllability of the bilinear Schrödinger equation, despite a quadratic obstruction, thanks to a cubic term

Abstract

We consider a 1D linear Schrödinger equation, on a bounded interval, with Dirichlet boundary conditions and bilinear control. We study its controllability around the ground state when the linearized system is not controllable. More precisely, we study to what extent the nonlinear terms of the expansion can recover the directions lost at the first order.In the works [9,16], for any positive integer n, assumptions have been formulated under which the quadratic term induces a drift in the nonlinear dynamics, quantified by the H −n -norm of the control. This drift is an obstruction to the small-time local controllability (STLC) under a smallness assumption on the controls in regular spaces.In this paper, we prove that for controls small in less regular spaces, the cubic term can recover the controllability lost at the linear level, despite the quadratic drift. The proof is inspired by Sussman's method to prove the sufficiency of the S(θ) condition for STLC of ODEs. However, it uses a different global strategy relying on a new concept of tangent vector, better adapted to the infinite-dimensional setting of PDEs. Given a target, we first realize the expected motion along the lost direction by using control variations for which the cubic term dominates the quadratic one. Then, we correct the other components exactly, by using the STLC in projection result of [15], with simultaneous estimates of weak norms of the control. These estimates ensure that the new error along the lost direction is negligible, and we conclude with the Brouwer fixed point theorem.

Local controllability of the bilinear 1D Schrödinger equation with simultaneous estimates

“…This result is both a new control result and a toolbox for a positive controllability result given in [15] on the Schrödinger equation when one of the coefficients µϕ 1 , ϕ j vanishes. In that case, building a unique control map with estimates in simultaneous spaces is useful to perform specific motions for the nonlinear solution.…”