Small-strain shear modulus and liquefaction resistance of sand with carbonate precipitation

The Mechanical Properties of Fly-Ash-Stabilized Sands

“…This trend agrees with the test results of the investigations detailed in Jalali et al (1997), Jha et al (2009), and Sezer et al (2006) [30][31][32], who made a valuable prediction; that is, that the observed improvements in mechanical properties might be caused by decreased saturation during curing. A similar observation conducted using another binder agent of precipitated calcite under various degrees of saturation was reported by Simatupang and coworkers, and Cheng et al (2013) [8,9,34,41]. They found that the mechanical properties of calcite-treated sands increased with a decrease in saturation during curing.…”

“…Other researchers have included these aspects in their considerations [30][31][32]. Simatupang and coworkers (colleagues) conducted observations on other binders of precipitated calcite and obtained a similar trend [8,9,41]. The results of their observations showed that the cohesion of the precipitated calcite increased by increasing calcite content and decreasing saturation during curing.…”

“…The chemical stabilization of cohesionless soil using a grouting technique is the most common method used for liquefaction mitigation of the ground below existing buildings. Varieties of chemical stabilization are undertaken rapidly, including cement, lime, epoxy or silicates, fly ash, calcite precipitation, and mixtures thereof [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. One method increasingly taken into consideration is the usage of waste materials, such as fly ash, as a binder.…”

“…In view of the aforementioned issue, a significant improvement of the mechanical properties of fly-ash-stabilized sands may be attained by lowering the degree of saturation during sample preparation. Many studies have been conducted regarding the alteration of sand mechanical properties using another stabilizing agent, precipitated calcite, under different degrees of saturation during various precipitation times [8,9,33,34]. At lower degrees of saturation during curing, the mechanical properties of calcite-improved sands are higher, indicating greater strength.…”

“…Under those conditions, air occupies the pore space and the precipitated calcite agglomerates at the contact surface of the grains where water menisci have formed, which is directly related to the strength improvement. Microscope images have also demonstrated these advantages [8,9,33,34]. In terms of fly ash usage, limited information is available regarding the effectiveness of fly-ash-stabilized sand and the improvement of its mechanical properties under different degrees of saturation during sample preparation.…”