Small-size urban settlements: Proposed approach for managing urban future in developing countries of increasing technological capabilities, the case of Egypt

South Africa’s E-toll System and the African Working Class Motorists: The Re-emergence of the Socio-Economic Exclusions of the Apartheid Urban Settlements

“…As a result, the African working class motorists who reside in townships must have at least R550 (or more if one does not have an e-tag) to pay for the e-toll bills on a monthly basis. Accordingly, these are the same people who are faced with challenges associated with unemployment growth, poverty, deteriorating living conditions and limited socio-economic infrastructure (Velaga et al, 2012;Shedenova & Beimisheva, 2013;Abou-Korin, 2014;Mattingly & Morrissey, 2014).…”

“…The socio-economic, mobility and location related effects of the e-toll system on the African working class motorists were ignored during the initiation and planning stages of the system. As a result, the majority of people falling within the African working class are faced with transport poverty which is not only limited to high costs of travel but also includes the amount of time people spend on roads in an attempt to access economic and social facilities which are mostly in and around urban centres (Lucas, 2011;Velaga et al, 2012;Abou-Korin, 2014;Mattingly & Morrissey, 2014). Furthermore, the long distances that are travelled by these people are associated with limited time to undertake other life supporting activities, discomforts and risks such as exposure to accidents, crime, noise and pollution that are experienced while travelling (Velaga et al, 2012;Shedenova & Beimisheva, 2013;Abou-Korin, 2014;Mattingly & Morrissey, 2014).…”

“…Access to socio-economic infrastructure, services and spaces for people living in rural areas and townships far away from towns' and cities' centres is a key spatial development issue (Watson, 2009;Lucas, 2011;Velaga, Beecroft, Nelson, Corsar & Edwards, 2012;Shedenova & Beimisheva, 2013;Abou-Korin, 2014;Mattingly & Morrissey, 2014). In most cases, accessibility to towns and cities by residents of rural areas and townships is determined by the distance they travel and the transport infrastructure and services that are connecting the areas (Lucas, 2011;Jones & Lucas, 2012;Velaga et al, 2012).…”

“…Generally, different land-uses and transport infrastructure should be planned together in order to ensure that people are able to carry out their everyday activities easily. The integration of various land-uses means that people have the opportunity to extend their choices of jobs, retail facilities, leisure opportunities and also improve their residential amenities (Jones & Lucas, 2012;Jou, Chiou, Kuo & Tan, 2013;Abou-Korin, 2014;Mattingly & Morrissey, 2014). Highly linked urban and rural settlements in terms of function, location, infrastructure and services have the ability to improve the socio-economic status of their societies (Velaga et al, 2012;Abou-Korin, 2014).…”

“…However, the integration of economic opportunities, social spaces and services and transport infrastructure must be at the centre when planning human settlements. Based on the past international spatial planning systems, there is a need to correct and improve the integration of economic opportunities, social spaces and services and transport infrastructure especially in the previously disadvantaged human settlements which mostly houses the poor (Lucas, 2011;Velaga et al, 2012;Abou-Korin, 2014;Mattingly & Morrissey, 2014). Generally, different land-uses and transport infrastructure should be planned together in order to ensure that people are able to carry out their everyday activities easily.…”