Small Size Silver Nanoparticle’s Corrosive and Hazardous Manifestations on Mature and Developing Kidney Following Accumulation in Pregnant Mice and Offspring’s after Serial Oral Bolus Experimental Application: A New Chapter in Teratogenicity and Toxicity Search

Abstract

The most important and worldwide utilized nanomaterial is silver metal nanoparticle which after synthesis changed to colloidal or powdered form. After successful characterization different sizes of these particles measured if intermixed and confirmed to different size ranges. Different sizes segregates into various size groups. Specific small or large size silver in powder form also readily available in market for various applications and experiments after biological or herbal synthesis and characterization. 1 to 20 nm size ranges are grouped under inconsiderable or smaller size range whereas 20 to 100 nm size ranges or above sizes are grouped under considerable or bigger size range. Following serial oral ingestion for experiment, aqueous and magnetic stirred synthesized AgNps of less than 20 nm of null account size accumulate in mature and developing kidneys of pregnant Swiss Albino mice and their freshly born fetuses after passing through blood vessels of pregnant mice and after absorption from gastro intestinal tract and accumulate in mature kidney due to trap inside. These particles also crosses blood placental barrier reaches fetus body in womb and accumulate in developing kidney due to same mechanism. These particles also surprisingly execute sex specific corrosive manifestation. We have examined the corrosive and hazardous effect of 10 gestational days (5 to 15 gestational days) serial oral bolus ingestion of 2.75 to 18.5 nm size range AgNps colloidal solution in a lower dose of 0.35 (1), 0.55 (2) mg/kg. b.w, in an in between dose of 4 (3), 8 (4) mg/ kg. b.w. and in a higher dose of 12 (5) and 16 (6) mg/kg. b.w. treatment on mature and developing right and left kidneys of pregnant mice and fetuses. Groups were designated as 1(Control); 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 (Treated). At lower dose we report negligible histological findings and at higher bolus dose we report marked histological findings. This particular size range group silver nano particles (AgNps) treatment turns into insignificant reduction in kidney weight and height at higher dose, with some hemorrhagic focuses along with histological alterations. Predominantly agenesis and severe atrophy of renal corpuscles, increase of urinary space, generalized anasarca of podocytes, degeneration and dysmorphology with congestion of proximal convoluted tubules and distal convoluted tubules, loss of brush border membranes and damage of squamous epithelium of loop of Henley with severe congestion in medullary rays and collecting ducts are observed in routine histology. The in between dose demonstrated in between results. These manifestations are found quite same to chronic and acute renal failure with hematuria. All these alterations, in prolong sustain, could land up to beginning of apoptosis and progress of cell necrosis in these vital organs.

In-vivo and In-vitro Anti-Acinetobacter baumannii Activity of Citrate-Capped Silver Nanoparticles

“…Imipenem plus Cit-AgNPs group showed the same picture as the imipenem group. The pathological changes in these two groups may be due to A. baumannii infection and Cit-AgNPs at 1.75 mg/kg of this study have no detectable effect of AgNPs at low concentration with minimal side effect on kidneys that's belongs to large size of AgNPs [29]. The kidneys of mice groups treated with Cit-AgNPs and PBS reveal severe degeneration and necrosis, excessive mucin secretion in distill and proximal tubules, and loss of glomeruli structure and atrophy.…”

“…At a relatively high dose, AgNps induce several histopathological changes represented by hemorrhage, severe atrophy of glomeruli, loss of morphology, degeneration, congestion of proximal, distal convoluted tubules, and Henley loop epithelial cell distraction. The severity of these changes depends on the administrated dose of AgNPs [29].…”